Here you can get quick access to various reports on coral reefs status, health and threats on global, regional and national levels. Select geographic area of interest or search by source/organization.
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1. coral and reefs
Search for records which contain words coral and reefs
2. coral reefs
Search for records which contain words coral and reefs. Same as the "and" function.
3. coral or reefs
Search for records which contain words coral or reefs.
4. "coral reefs"
Search for records which contain exact phrase "coral reefs".
5. coral and not acropora
Search for records which contain words coral and not acropora.
Search Result: 20 records
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1.
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D. Fenner, M. Speicher, S. Gulick, G. Aeby. S.C. Aletto, P. Anderson, B. Carroll, E. DiDonato, G. DiDonato, V. Farmer, D. Fenner, J, Gove, S. Gulick, P. Houk, E. Lundblad, M. Nadon, F. Riolo, M. Sabater, R. Schroeder, E. Smith, M. Speicher, C. Tuitele, A. Tagarino, S. Vaitautolu, E. caoli, B. Vargas-Angel, P. Vroom, p. Brown, E. Buchan, A. Hall, J. Helyer, S. Heron, J. Kenyon, R. Oram, B. Richards, K.S. Saili, T. Work and B. Zgliczynski,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of American Samoa. pp. 307-351
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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D. Fenner, M. Speicher, S. Gulick, G. Aeby. S.C. Aletto, P. Anderson, B. Carroll, E. DiDonato, G. DiDonato, V. Farmer, D. Fenner, J, Gove, S. Gulick, P. Houk, E. Lundblad, M. Nadon, F. Riolo, M. Sabater, R. Schroeder, E. Smith, M. Speicher, C. Tuitele, A. Tagarino, S. Vaitautolu, E. caoli, B. Vargas-Angel, P. Vroom, p. Brown, E. Buchan, A. Hall, J. Helyer, S. Heron, J. Kenyon, R. Oram, B. Richards, K.S. Saili, T. Work and B. Zgliczynski
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of American Samoa. pp. 307-351
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
American Samoa consists of five main volcanic islands and two atolls, which are situated in the central tropical South Pacific (Figure 10.1) at approximately 14°S and 170°W. American Samoa is the only U.S. territory located south of the equator. It experiences seasons opposite to those in all other U.S. areas, and has atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns found in the southern hemisphere. The five volcanic islands are part of a hotspot chain that also includes Upolu and Savaii, the two larger volcanic islands of (independent) Samoa to the west of American Samoa, several seamounts west of Samoa, ridges extending southeast from Tutuila and northwest from Ofu, and an active undersea volcano east of the island of Tau in American Samoa, named Vailuluu. American Samoa also includes two atolls, Swains and Rose, both of which are much older than the volcanic islands and not geologically related.
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Online Documents
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2.
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Kozlowski, J. and B.Millhouser (eds.),
2008
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Report on the Status of Local Action Strategies to Conserve and Protect Coral Reefs for Years 2002‐2006
Report to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force from the Task Force Steering Committee.
Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 5. 56 pp.
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Author
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Kozlowski, J. and B.Millhouser (eds.)
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Year
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2008
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Title
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Report on the Status of Local Action Strategies to Conserve and Protect Coral Reefs for Years 2002‐2006
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Source
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Report to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force from the Task Force Steering Committee.
Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 5. 56 pp.
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Keywords
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local action strategy, threats, conservation, partnerships, awareness
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Caption
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This report provides an overview of the progress that states, territories, federal agencies, and nongovernmental partners have made over the last fi ve years (2002–2006) in developing and implementing Local Action Strategies (LAS) to reduce threats to the Nation’s coral reef ecosystems. The United States Coral Reef Task Force (USCRTF) initiated development of Local Action Strategies in partnership with the U.S. All Islands Coral Reef Committee during the fall of 2002 to increase resources, coordination, and effectiveness of local coral reef conservation efforts in U.S. jurisdictions.
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Abstract
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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3.
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Wusinich-Mendez, D. and C. Trappe (eds.),
2007
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Report on the Status of Marine Protected Areas in Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States Volume 1
NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 2. NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. Silver Spring, MD. 129 pp.
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Author
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Wusinich-Mendez, D. and C. Trappe (eds.)
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Year
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2007
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Title
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Report on the Status of Marine Protected Areas in Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States Volume 1
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Source
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NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 2. NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. Silver Spring, MD. 129 pp.
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Keywords
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MPA, status report, fisheries, regulations, coral reefs
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Caption
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Seven United States (U.S.) jurisdictions have abundant coral reef ecosystems within their state and territorial waters. These jurisdictions are American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Florida, Guam, Hawai‘i, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The governments of all seven jurisdictions have recognized that to successfully conserve coral reef ecosystems, ecologically important reef areas need to be identified and managed distinctively within the broader marine environment. As a result, each of these jurisdictions has formally acknowledged that marine protected areas (MPAs) are an important coral reef management tool and have taken measures to officially incorporate this tool into their local marine resource management regimes. In this report, MPAs are defined as “any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein” (Executive Order 13158, May 26, 2000). In keeping with this broad definition, the term “MPA,” refers to a range of types of MPAs, from multiple-use areas that allow fishing or other uses, to “no-take reserves” where extractive uses are prohibited.
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Abstract
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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4.
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George, A., M. Luckymis, S. Palik, K. Adams, E. Joseph, D. Mathias, S. Malakai, M.R. Nakayama, C. Graham, K. Rikim, A. Marcus, J. Albert, V. Fread, M. Hasurmai, C. Fillmed, W. Kostka, A. Takesy, T. Leberer and S. Slingsby,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Federated States of Micronesia. pp.419-436
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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George, A., M. Luckymis, S. Palik, K. Adams, E. Joseph, D. Mathias, S. Malakai, M.R. Nakayama, C. Graham, K. Rikim, A. Marcus, J. Albert, V. Fread, M. Hasurmai, C. Fillmed, W. Kostka, A. Takesy, T. Leberer and S. Slingsby
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Federated States of Micronesia. pp.419-436
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) is comprised of 607 islands found within four states. From east to west, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap span 1.6 million km2 of the western Pacific Ocean from 1.0–9.90 N longitude and 138.2–162.60 E latitude (Figure 13.1). Each island or group has its own language, customs, local government and traditional system for managing marine resources. The FSM has a total landmass of 702 km2 comprised of both high islands and atolls, with land elevation ranging from sea level to about 760 m (2,500 ft; FSM National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan, 2003). Trade winds prevail from December through April, with periods of weaker winds and doldrums occurring from May to November. Rainfall is extremely high on the high volcanic islands of Kosrae, Pohnpei and Chuuk, and can exceed 10 m (400 in) a year (South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 1993; Lindsay and Edward, 2000). The islands support three basic reef formations: fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1985; USACE, 1986; USACE, 1987; USACE, 1988; USACE, 1989a; USACE, 1989b). Islanders have a strong dependence on coral reefs and marine resources, both economically and culturally (Falanruw, 2004; FSM, 2004; FSM, 2003; The Nature Conservancy, 2003).
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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5.
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Collier., C., R. Ruzicka, K. Banks, L. Barbieri, J. Beal, D. Bingham, J. Bohnsack, S. Brooke, N. Craig, R. Dogde, L. Fisher, N. Gadbois, D. gilliam, L. Gregg, T. Kellison, Vladimir Kosmynin, B. Lapointe, E. McDevitt, J. Phipps, N. Poulos, J. Proni, P. Quinn, B. riegl, R. Spieler, J. Walczak, B. Walker and D. Warrick,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Southeast Florida. pp. 131-160
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Collier., C., R. Ruzicka, K. Banks, L. Barbieri, J. Beal, D. Bingham, J. Bohnsack, S. Brooke, N. Craig, R. Dogde, L. Fisher, N. Gadbois, D. gilliam, L. Gregg, T. Kellison, Vladimir Kosmynin, B. Lapointe, E. McDevitt, J. Phipps, N. Poulos, J. Proni, P. Quinn, B. riegl, R. Spieler, J. Walczak, B. Walker and D. Warrick
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Southeast Florida. pp. 131-160
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
The northern extension of the Florida reef tract and a complex of limestone ridges run
parallel to the subtropical Atlantic coastline of southeast Florida. Spanning 170 km from
the northern border of Biscayne National Park (BNP) in Miami-Dade County to the
St. Lucie Inlet in Martin County, the reefs and hardbottom areas in this region support
a rich and diverse biological community (Figure 5.1). Nearshore reef habitats
in southeast Florida include hardbottom areas, patch reefs and worm reefs (Phragmatopoma spp.) exhibiting abundant octocoral, macroalgae, stony coral and sponge assemblages. Offshore, coral reef associated biotic assemblages occur on linear
Holocene Acropora palmata mid-shelf and shelf margin reefs that extend from Miami-
Dade County to Palm Beach County (Lighty, 1977; Figure 5.2). Anastasia Formation
limestone ridges and terraces colonized by reef biota characterize the reefs from Palm
Beach County to Martin County (Cooke and Mossom, 1929).
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Online Documents
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6.
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Donahue, S., A. Acosta, L. Akins, J. Ault, J. Bohnsack, J. Boyer, M. Callahan, B. Causey, C. Cox, J. Delaney, G. Delgado, K. Edwards, G. Garrett, B. Keller, G.T. Kellison, V. R. Leeworthy, L. MacLaughlin, L. McClenachan, M.W. Miller, S.L. Miller, K. Ritchie, S. Rohmann, D. Santavy, C. Pattengill-Semmens, B. Sniffen, S. Werndli and D.E. Williams,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Florida Keys. pp. 161-188
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Donahue, S., A. Acosta, L. Akins, J. Ault, J. Bohnsack, J. Boyer, M. Callahan, B. Causey, C. Cox, J. Delaney, G. Delgado, K. Edwards, G. Garrett, B. Keller, G.T. Kellison, V. R. Leeworthy, L. MacLaughlin, L. McClenachan, M.W. Miller, S.L. Miller, K. Ritchie, S. Rohmann, D. Santavy, C. Pattengill-Semmens, B. Sniffen, S. Werndli and D.E. Williams
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Florida Keys. pp. 161-188
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
In this chapter, the authors present the latest in a series of updates to this living document. The 2005 edition of this report provided a good basis for this update, as it nicely detailed the coral reefs of the Florida Keys and southeast Florida, along with their associated oceanography, reef geomorphology and geology, and socioeconomic importance (Andrews et al., 2005). This edition of the report provides two separate chapters for the coral reefs of Florida in appreciation of their separate regulatory histories and the different reef types present in the Florida Keys and the Southeast region. The two chapters will complement each other and should be used to highlight the challenges associated with managing a coral reef ecosystem that extends over 480 km (300 miles). Contributing authors for the Florida chapter in Waddell (2005) were contacted for this chapter and only those updates available at the time of this writing were included. Manuscripts and information that were in preparation will be included in the next edition of this volume. Figure 6.1 highlights locations mentioned throughout this chapter.
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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7.
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Burdick, D., V. Brown, J. Asher, M. Gawel, L. goldman, A. Hall, J. Kenyon, T. Leberer, E. Lundblad, J. Mcllwain, J. Miller, D. Minton, M. Nadon, N. Pioppi, L. Raymundo, B. Richards, R. Schroeder, P. Schupp, E. Smith and B. Zgliczynski,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Guam. pp. 465-510
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Burdick, D., V. Brown, J. Asher, M. Gawel, L. goldman, A. Hall, J. Kenyon, T. Leberer, E. Lundblad, J. Mcllwain, J. Miller, D. Minton, M. Nadon, N. Pioppi, L. Raymundo, B. Richards, R. Schroeder, P. Schupp, E. Smith and B. Zgliczynski
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Guam. pp. 465-510
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
This report provides an assessment of the status of the coral reef ecosystems of Guam between 2004 and 2007. The findings of various monitoring activities, assessments, and stand-alone investigations conducted by local and federal agencies, educational/research institutions, and government contractors since 2004 were synthesized to obtain an updated, holistic view of the status of Guam’s reefs. Guam, a U.S. territory located at 13°28’ N, 144°45’ E, is the southernmost island in the Mariana Archipelago (Figure 15.1). It is the largest island in Micronesia, with a land mass of 560 km2, and has a maximum elevation of approximately 405 m and a total shoreline length of 244 km. Guam is a volcanic island completely surrounded by a coralline limestone plateau. The relatively flat northern half of the island, which is primarily comprised of uplifted limestone, is the site of the island’s principle aquifer. The southern half of the island has more topographic relief and is comprised mainly of volcanic rock, with areas of highly erodible lateritic soils. The hilly topography creates numerous watersheds drained by 96 rivers (Best and Davidson, 1981).
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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8.
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Friedlander, A., G. Aeby, R. Brainard, E. Brown, K. Chaston, A. Clark, P. McGowan, T. Montgomery, W. Walsh, I. Williams and W. Wiltse,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Main Hawaiian Islands. pp. 219-262
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Friedlander, A., G. Aeby, R. Brainard, E. Brown, K. Chaston, A. Clark, P. McGowan, T. Montgomery, W. Walsh, I. Williams and W. Wiltse
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Main Hawaiian Islands. pp. 219-262
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
The main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) form the southern part of the Hawaiian Archipelago, which is located in the middle of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, centered at about 28°N (Figure 8.1). The MHI consist of eight high volcanic islands that range in age from active lava flows on the east side of the Big Island (Hawaii Island) to seven million-year-old Kauai (Figure 8.2). Owing to its location in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii’s coral reefs are exposed to large open ocean swells and strong tradewinds that have a major impact on the structure of the coral reefs and result in distinctive communities that are sculpted by these dynamic natural processes. Circulation is primarily from east to west and intensifies southward, however, in the lee of the islands, surface currents driven by wind combine with large-scale ocean currents to yield more complicated flow patterns such as eddies (Flament et al., 1996). The average surface water temperature around Oahu is 24°C (75°F) in winter and 27 °C (81°F) in summer.
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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9.
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Friedlander, A., G. Aeby, R. Brainard, E. Brown, K. Chaston, A. Clark P. McGowan, T. Montgomery, W. Walsh, I. Williams and W. Wiltse,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. pp. 263-306
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Friedlander, A., G. Aeby, R. Brainard, E. Brown, K. Chaston, A. Clark P. McGowan, T. Montgomery, W. Walsh, I. Williams and W. Wiltse
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. pp. 263-306
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
The main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) form the southern part of the Hawaiian Archipelago, which is located in the middle of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, centered at about 28°N (Figure 8.1). The MHI consist of eight high volcanic islands that range in age from active lava flows on the east side of the Big Island (Hawaii Island) to seven million-year-old Kauai (Figure 8.2). Owing to its location in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii’s coral reefs are exposed to large open ocean swells and strong tradewinds that have a major impact on the structure of the coral reefs and result in distinctive communities that are sculpted by these dynamic natural processes. Circulation is primarily from east to west and intensifies southward, however, in the lee of the islands, surface currents driven by wind combine with large-scale ocean currents to yield more complicated flow patterns such as eddies (Flament et al., 1996). The average surface water temperature around Oahu is 24°C (75°F) in winter and 27 °C (81°F) in summer.
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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10.
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Friedlander, A. g. Aeby, S. Balwani, B. Bowen, R. Brainard, A. Clark, J. Kenyon, J. Maragos, C. Meyer, p. vroom and J. Zamzow,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. pp. 307-352
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Friedlander, A. g. Aeby, S. Balwani, B. Bowen, R. Brainard, A. Clark, J. Kenyon, J. Maragos, C. Meyer, p. vroom and J. Zamzow
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. pp. 307-352
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
Beginning at Nihoa and Necker Island (Mokumanamana; about 7 and 10 million years old, respectively) and extending to Midway and Kure Atolls (about 28 million years old), the NWHI represent the older portion of the emergent Hawaiian Archipelago (Grigg, 1988). The NWHI are set in a dynamic oceanographic and meteorological regime in the northern/central subtropical region of the Pacific Ocean (Figure 9.1). The boundary between the nutrient-poor surface waters of North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and the nutrient-rich surface waters of the North Pacific Subpolar Gyre frequently influence the NWHI region (Leonard et al., 2001; Polovina et al., 2001). This front shifts seasonally (Polovina et al., 2001) and migrates on interannual and decadal time scales, bringing colder and nutrient rich waters that are likely important to the productivity and ecology of the region.
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Online Documents
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11.
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Beger, M., D. Jacobson, S. Pinca, Z. Richards, D. Hess, F. Harriss, C. Page, E. Peterson and N. Baker,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. pp. 387-418
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Beger, M., D. Jacobson, S. Pinca, Z. Richards, D. Hess, F. Harriss, C. Page, E. Peterson and N. Baker
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. pp. 387-418
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
Located in the central Pacific Ocean and spanning more than 5,025,000 km2 (1,940,000 mi2), the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is comprised of 1,225 islands and islets including 29 atolls and five solitary, low coral islands. Only 0.01%, or 181.3 km2, of the country is dry land. The atolls and islands are arranged in two roughly parallel groupings—the eastern Ratak (or Sunrise) Chain containing 15 atolls and two islands, and the Ralik (Sunset) Chain to the west containing 14 atolls and three islands (Figure 12.1).
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12.
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Hickerson, E.L., G.P. Schmahl, M. Robbart, W.F. Precht and C. Caldow,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Flower Garden Banks and Other Banks of the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. pp. 189-218
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Hickerson, E.L., G.P. Schmahl, M. Robbart, W.F. Precht and C. Caldow
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Flower Garden Banks and Other Banks of the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. pp. 189-218
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
The East and West Flower Garden Banks (EFGB and WFGB) were designated as the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS) through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in January 1992. The two banks are prominent geological features located near the outer edge of the continental shelf in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, approximately 192 km southeast of Galveston, Texas (Figure 7.1). These features, created by the uplift of underlying salt domes of Jurassic origin, rise from surrounding water depths of over 100 m to within 17 m of the surface. The northernmost thriving coral reef communities in North America cap the shallow portions of the EFGB and WFGB. They are relatively isolated from other coral reefs of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, located over 690 km from the nearest reefs of the Campeche Bank off Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and over 1,200 km from the coral reefs of the Florida Keys. The area of the EFGB (27°54.5’ N, 93°36.0’ W) comprises about 65.8 km2 of which about 1.02 km2 is coral reef. Located 19.3 km to the west, the WFGB (27°52.5’ N, 93°49.0’ W) comprises about 77.2 km2 of which about 0.4 km2 is coral reef (Gardner et al., 1998).
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13.
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Miller, M.W., A. Gleason, D. McClellan, G. Piniak, D. Williams, J.W. Wiener, A. Gude and J. Schewagerl,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Navassa Island. pp. 117-130
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Miller, M.W., A. Gleason, D. McClellan, G. Piniak, D. Williams, J.W. Wiener, A. Gude and J. Schewagerl
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Navassa Island. pp. 117-130
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
Navassa is a small (4.64 km2), uninhabited, oceanic island approximately 50 km off the southwest tip of Haiti (Figure 4.1) under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The island is a raised dolomite plateau ringed by vertical cliffs that descend to a sloping submarine terrace at an approximate depth of 25 m, with coral reef development primarily on small nearshore ledges and shelves. Navassa’s oceanic position in the Windward Passage exposes it to substantial physical energy, with the eastern coastline exposed to persistent swells and regular storms and hurricanes. Both geomorphology and exposure have resulted in an absence of shallow-water inshore fish nursery habitats (e.g., mangroves, sandy beaches and seagrasses) that are found on other islands in the region. The local and regional oceanography around Navassa is poorly characterized, but detailed geology is provided in Miller et al. (in press). Status of reef resources and threats have been documented by Miller and Gerstner (2002), Miller (2003) and Miller et al. (2005) from data collected during expeditions in 2000 and 2002. These assessments reported relatively healthy coral conditions and reef fish assemblages which, though dominated by small planktivores, still compared favorably with other Caribbean locations. Substantial fishing activity by transient Haitians was also reported.
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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15.
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Starmer, J., J. Asher, F. Castro, D. Gochfeld, J. Gove, A. Hall, P. Houk, E. Keenan, J. Miller, R. Moffit, M. Nadon, R. Schroeder, E. Smith, M. Trianni, P. Vroom, K. Wong and K. Yuknavage,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. pp. 437-464
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Starmer, J., J. Asher, F. Castro, D. Gochfeld, J. Gove, A. Hall, P. Houk, E. Keenan, J. Miller, R. Moffit, M. Nadon, R. Schroeder, E. Smith, M. Trianni, P. Vroom, K. Wong and K. Yuknavage
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. pp. 437-464
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
This report is the third in a series of assessments of the current status of coral reef ecosystems in the U.S. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) and complements other previous assessments. The focus of this report is primarily on data collected during the period 2004 through 2007, with a greater emphasis on oceanographic data than was found in prior reports (Figure 14.1). For general overview of individual islands, please reference Starmer et al., 2005 (http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/ecosystems/coralreef/coral_report_2005/). The fourteen islands that make up CNMI lie in the western Pacific basin, stretching approximately 600 km (375 miles) on a north-south axis, with the Pacific Ocean on the east side and the Philippine Sea on the west (Figure 14.2). The southern islands of the archipelago, Saipan, Tinian, Aguijan and Rota, are uplifted limestone whereas the northern islands are volcanic. Active volcanoes exist on Anatahan, Pagan and Agrihan where most recently an eruption was noted on Anatahan in 2003. The archipelago has a peak elevation of 965 m (3,166 ft) on Agrihan.
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Online Documents
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16.
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Miller, J., J, Maragos, R. Brainard, J. Asher, B. Vargas-Ángel, J. Kenyon, R. Schroeder, B. Richards, M. Nadon, P. Vroom, A. Hall, E. Keenan, M. Timmers, J. Gove, E. Smith, J. Weiss, E. Lundblad, Scott Ferguson, F. Lichhowski and J. Rooney,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Republic of the Pacific Remote Island Areas. pp. 353-386
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Miller, J., J, Maragos, R. Brainard, J. Asher, B. Vargas-Ángel, J. Kenyon, R. Schroeder, B. Richards, M. Nadon, P. Vroom, A. Hall, E. Keenan, M. Timmers, J. Gove, E. Smith, J. Weiss, E. Lundblad, Scott Ferguson, F. Lichhowski and J. Rooney
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Republic of the Pacific Remote Island Areas. pp. 353-386
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Source
|
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
This report is the third in a series of assessments of the current status of coral reef ecosystems in the Pacific Remote Island Areas (PRIA). PRIA are defined as isolated U.S. sovereign islands and atolls not within the jurisdiction of any U.S. state or territory. Seven of the eight PRIA (except Midway) are discussed in this chapter including: Howland, Baker and Jarvis Islands; Johnston, Palmyra, Kingman and Wake Atolls. Midway is included in the chapter on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). Rose Atoll and Swains Island are a part of the Territory of American Samoa and are covered in the chapter on American Samoa.
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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17.
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Marino, S., A. Bauman, J. miles, A. Kitalong, A. Bukurou, C. Mersai, E. Verheij, I. Olkerill, K. Basilius, P. Colin, S. Patris, S. Victor, W. Andrew, J. Miles and Y. Golbuu,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Republic of Palau. pp. 511-540
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Marino, S., A. Bauman, J. miles, A. Kitalong, A. Bukurou, C. Mersai, E. Verheij, I. Olkerill, K. Basilius, P. Colin, S. Patris, S. Victor, W. Andrew, J. Miles and Y. Golbuu
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Republic of Palau. pp. 511-540
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Source
|
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
This report is one of several that describe the status of Palau’s coral reefs. In 2005, Golbuu et al. provided an overview of Palau’s complex marine habitats stretching from Ngaruangel Atoll in the north to Helen Reef Atoll in the south. The overview also identified potential threats to Palau’s coral reefs, including the Rock Islands south of the main island of Koror. In 2007, Kayanne et al. (2007) provided an overview of the different habitats in Palau. As in many other locations, Palauans face challenges in their efforts to protect their rich marine resources and continue to seek solutions that will mitigate threats from different sources. Palau has an abundance of coral reef habitat types, as well as complex marine habitats associated with coral reefs including mangroves, seagrass beds, deep algal beds, mud basins, current swept lagoon bottoms and rich tidal channels. No description of Palau would be complete without mention of Palau’s 70 famous marine lakes in the Rock Islands. According to Yukihira et al. (2007), the total area of coral reefs in Palau is approximately 525 km², which includes barrier reefs (264.7 km²), fringing reefs (194.8 km²) and atoll habitats (65.0 km²) with 1,457 patch reefs scattered throughout the lagoons. Figure 16.1 is a locator map with locations and reefs mentioned in this chapter. An effort to map Palau’s benthic habitats using high resolution satellite imagery was completed by NOAA’s Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography Branch (CCMA-BB) in 2007; the project classified marine habitats for 1,477.54 km2 and estimated that coral reef and hardbottom areas cover 892 km2.
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Online Documents
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18.
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García-Sais, J., R. Appeldoorn, T. Battista, L. Bauer, A. Bruckner, C. Caldow, L. Carrubba, J. Corredor, E. Diaz, C. Lilyestrom, G. Garcia-Moliner, E. Hernández-Delgado, C. Menza, J. Morrell, A. Pait, J. Sabater, E. Weil, E. Williams and S. Williams,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Puerto Rico. pp. 75-116
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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García-Sais, J., R. Appeldoorn, T. Battista, L. Bauer, A. Bruckner, C. Caldow, L. Carrubba, J. Corredor, E. Diaz, C. Lilyestrom, G. Garcia-Moliner, E. Hernández-Delgado, C. Menza, J. Morrell, A. Pait, J. Sabater, E. Weil, E. Williams and S. Williams
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Puerto Rico. pp. 75-116
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Source
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In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is comprised of a number of islands in the northern Caribbean, including the island of Puerto Rico and offshore islands such as Culebra, Vieques, Monito, and Desecheo (Figure 3.1). The following information adds to the comprehensive overview of Puertorrican reefs provided in the previous edition of this report (García-Sais
et al., 2005). The coral reef ecosystem in Puerto Rico is a complex mosaic of interrelated habitats, including mangrove forests, seagrass beds and coral reefs, as well as other coral communities. Mangrove forests can be found on coral cays and fringing the shoreline along the coast. In areas along the coast where development is occurring, mangrove forests and other wetlands continue to be impacted by cutting, filling and other disturbances. The desire for water access and increases in boating also impact both mangroves and seagrass beds directly through construction and indirectly through changes in water quality associated with accidental spills of petroleum products, accidental groundings and propeller damage, and increases in marine debris. Impacts to these important habitats also lead to effects in coral reefs due to the loss of juvenile habitat for reef species such as spiny lobster, snappers, and groupers. Frias-Torres (2006) demonstrated that, for mangrove-dependent juveniles of goliath grouper in the Florida Keys, spatially complex fringing red mangrove habitat was essential to the growth of this species and the later presence of adults in coral reefs and colonized hardbottom.
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Online Documents
|
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19.
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Miller, S. L. & M. P. Crosby,
1998
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The extent and condition of U. S. coral reefs.
In: ‘NOAA’s State of the Coast Report’. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. Pp 1 – 34.
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Author
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Miller, S. L. & M. P. Crosby
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Year
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1998
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Title
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The extent and condition of U. S. coral reefs.
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Source
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In: ‘NOAA’s State of the Coast Report’. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. Pp 1 – 34.
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Keywords
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status of coral reef, management
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Caption
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Abstract
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On November 9, 2001, NOAA retired its State of the Coast Project Web site after 45 months on-line. Launched in February 1998 in response to then Vice President Gore's challenge that Federal agencies develop a "report card" on the state of the Nation's environment, the project produced 17 essays on a variety of coastal topics, three CD-ROMs, and a short video featuring former members and associates of the Stratton Commission. The essays remain available here as PDF files. The CD-ROMs and video are no longer available.
The essays were organized in a pressure, state and response framework. The "state" of the environment, the centerpiece of the framework, focuses on conditions of environmental systems. Conditions result from a combination of human-induced pressures on the environment and societal responses to environmental degradation. The essays are factual presentations; inferences are minimal.
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Online Documents
|
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20.
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Rothenberger, P., J. Blondeau, C. Cox, S. Curtis, W.S. Fisher, V. garrison, Z. Hillis-Starr, C.F.G. Jeffrey, E. Kadison, I. Lundgren, W.J. Miller, E. Muller, R. Nemeth, S. Paterson, C. Rogers, T. Smith, A. Spitzack, M. Taylor, W. Toller, J. Wright, D. Wusinich-Mendez and J. Waddell,
2008
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the U.S. Virgin Islands. pp. 29-73
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Author
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Rothenberger, P., J. Blondeau, C. Cox, S. Curtis, W.S. Fisher, V. garrison, Z. Hillis-Starr, C.F.G. Jeffrey, E. Kadison, I. Lundgren, W.J. Miller, E. Muller, R. Nemeth, S. Paterson, C. Rogers, T. Smith, A. Spitzack, M. Taylor, W. Toller, J. Wright, D. Wusinich-Mendez and J. Waddell
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Year
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2008
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Title
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The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the U.S. Virgin Islands. pp. 29-73
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Source
|
In: J.E. Waddell and A.M. Clarke (eds.), The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD. 569 pp.
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Keywords
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coral reef ecosystem, water quality, benthic habitat, associated biological community, conservation, management, status and resource condition
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Caption
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Abstract
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Introduction
This report is the third in a series of assessments of the status of coral reef ecosystems in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI). The first assessment (Catanzaro et al., 2002) provided a broad overview of the status of USVI coral reef ecosystems, reported them to be in serious decline, and recommended enforcement of existing regulations and creation of no-take areas as the best actions to help reverse ecosystem declines. The second assessment (Jeffrey et al., 2005) identified several threats faced by coral reef ecosystems in the USVI, reported a continued overall decline in marine resources, and recommended for a second time that enforcement of existing regulations was the essential first step needed to address declining water quality, benthic habitats, and associated biological communities. This third assessment presents the current condition of coral reef ecosystems, describes the threats these marine ecosystems face and recommends additional actions based on data gathered between 2003 and 2007 by federal and territorial government agencies, non governmental organizations, academic institutions, and other stakeholders working in USVI coral reef ecosystems.
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Online Documents
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