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Here you can get quick access to various reports on coral reefs status, health and threats on global, regional and national levels. Select geographic area of interest or search by source/organization.

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Smith, A., C. Rogers and C. Bouchon, 1998

Status of coral reefs in the Lesser Antilles, Western Atlantic,

p. 135-144. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Author

Smith, A., C. Rogers and C. Bouchon

Year

1998

Title

Status of coral reefs in the Lesser Antilles, Western Atlantic,

Source

p. 135-144. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Keywords

Reef health, Management, Stress, Protected area

Caption

Abstract

The Lesser Antilles include high volcanic islands with very narrow continental shelves, and some low coral islands with wider shelves. There are some excellent coral reefs, which are normally impacted by rainfall and runoff, and hurricanes. Recently, coral bleaching, coral diseases, tourism, and fishing pressure have resulted in some degradation in many areas, but there are few long-term studies to determine the status of the reefs, and the trends. There has been an increase in the number of reefs under active and effective management, and the need for better management is being recognised.

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Status of coral reefs in the Lesser Antilles, Western Atlantic,

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Obura, D., L. Celliers, H. Machano, S. Mangubhai, M. S. Mohammed, H. Motta, C. Muhando, N. Muthiga, M. Pereira and M. Schleyer, 2002

Status of Coral Reefs in Eastern Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa.

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 4, pp 63-78.

Author

Obura, D., L. Celliers, H. Machano, S. Mangubhai, M. S. Mohammed, H. Motta, C. Muhando, N. Muthiga, M. Pereira and M. Schleyer

Year

2002

Title

Status of Coral Reefs in Eastern Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa.

Source

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 4, pp 63-78.

Keywords

monitoring status report management

Caption

Abstract

Eastern African coral reefs were severely impacted by the El Niño Southern Oscillation of 1997-98, with bleaching and mortality levels varying from <1% in South Africa to 80% and greater on reefs in northern Tanzania and Kenya. Recovery of affected reefs to 2002 has been poor to moderate, and patchy. Reefs strongly impacted by the El Niño that had high coral diversity and cover have recovered to less than one quarter of pre-bleaching coral cover. However, some high diversity reefs that escaped the bleaching impacts have remained healthy, with high coral cover and diversity. Degraded reefs outside Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) that were severely damaged by the El Niño have generally recovered to 50-100% of pre-bleaching coral cover. Recruitment of corals to reefs has also been moderate, with highest levels recorded on those protected reefs with high coral cover and diversity. In 2001-02, there has been additional damage to Eastern African reefs from threats that may be related to climate-change, including floods in Mozambique, Harmful Algal Blooms in Tanzania and Kenya, and an unknown fungal disease of corals in Kenya and northern Tanzania. Anthropogenic threats to Eastern African reefs cited in the 1998 and 2000 global reports continue, including over-fishing, destructive fishing, pollution, and sedimentation from construction and coastal development, mining and shipping activities. Socio-economic studies of coral reefs are becoming increasingly common in Eastern Africa, and include the development of socio-economic monitoring under GCRMN. While socio-economic losses from coral mortality from the 1998 bleaching event were predicted, particularly in fisheries and tourism, these have not yet been seen. MPA management in the region has benefited from increased national and international attention. Improvements include further development of management plans, identification of priorities and tools for improving management, and increased networking among MPA sites, regional and international organisations, and countries. With regional increases in levels of co-management of MPAs and fisheries, there are expanding efforts to develop coral reef and fisheries monitoring programs that are community based and participatory, and that contribute to regional level reporting and assessments of coral reef condition.

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Status of Coral Reefs in Eastern Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa.

Ahamada, S., L. Bigot, J. Bijoux, J. Maharavo, S. Meunier, M. Moyne-Picard and N. Paupiah, 2002

Status of Coral Reefs in the South West Indian Ocean Island Node: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles.

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 5, pp 79-100.

Author

Ahamada, S., L. Bigot, J. Bijoux, J. Maharavo, S. Meunier, M. Moyne-Picard and N. Paupiah

Year

2002

Title

Status of Coral Reefs in the South West Indian Ocean Island Node: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles.

Source

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 5, pp 79-100.

Keywords

monitoring status report management

Caption

Abstract

A regional monitoring network of the GCRMN was formed just after the major coral bleaching event in 1998. The goal was to assist the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles manage their reef resources within the Regional Environment Programme of the Indian Ocean Commission. The Node is now being financed for 3 years by the Global Environment Facility (GEF and World Bank) and the European Union to continue coral reef monitoring to strengthen the capacity of national networks to provide data and advice for resource management. The extent of monitoring has increased from 43 stations in 1999/2000 to more than 70 stations in 2002, with more than 20 stations in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The trend on Comoros is for considerable coral regeneration following the 1998 bleaching. The recovery in the Moheli MPA is greater than in Grande Comoros, where regeneration and coral growth is slow. There is an urgent need for rational management of fishing, extraction of materials, and urbanisation on the coasts. In Madagascar, there are signs of damage on reef flats near human activities (North West, South East, East coast), whereas isolated reef slopes are in better condition. Reefs in Mauritius continue to be relatively stable, although domestic and agricultural pollution at some sites continues to degrade the coral reefs. While the damage in not alarming, the authorities should implement management to control damaging activities. Six new sites were added in 2002 on Rodrigues using GCRMN recommended methods. Coral communities on the fringing reefs have a healthy cover of hard coral, although species diversity is not high. The principal trends over 4 years on La Reunion are for relative stability of coral cover and fish populations in the Saint-Leu and Saint Gilles sectors. Corals on the inner granite islands of the Seychelles remain severely degraded since the 1998 bleaching event, however, there has been a slight increase in coral cover and more recruitment in the last 2 years. Coral bleaching and mortality in 1998 was most severe in the north (Seychelles and Comoros), whereas there was rapid recovery on Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion, after less severe bleaching. There was localised bleaching in 2001 in Reunion, and in March 2002 on Rodrigues and Seychelles. The coral reef monitoring is fulfilling a need for the data as the foundation for Integrated Coastal Management.

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Status of Coral Reefs in the South West Indian Ocean Island Node: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles.

Obura, D., M. Suleiman, H. Motta and M. Schleyer, 2000

Status of Coral Reefs in East Africa: Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa and Tanzania.

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p65-76.

Author

Obura, D., M. Suleiman, H. Motta and M. Schleyer

Year

2000

Title

Status of Coral Reefs in East Africa: Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa and Tanzania.

Source

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p65-76.

Keywords

CORAL; STATUS; GCRMN

Caption

Abstract

The single largest threat to coral reefs ever documented in East Africa was the high temperature-related coral bleaching event caused by the El Niño Southern Oscillation of 1997-98. The degree of bleaching and mortality increased local water temperatures and reached northwards from South Africa (<1%) to Kenya (80% and greater in some areas). Recovery of affected reefs until early 2000 has been primarily through regrowth of the few surviving colonies. Since this time significant coral recruitment has been observed, raising hopes for recovery of a number of reefs, if other major threats don’t transpire. Recovery of affected reefs has been variable, although in some cases faster for previously stressed reefs that had already lost sensitive coral species. Recovery is also likely to be influenced by the presence of other synergistic threats (natural and anthropogenic). Other threats to East African reefs continue since the last global report in 1998; these include: over-fishing, destructive fishing, pollution and, human settlement and development, mining and shipping industry activities. In the last two years, increased efforts in management and conservation of coral reefs and marine resources have advanced throughout all of the East African countries with improvements in institutional, technical and human resource capabilities being the most noteworthy. As elsewhere, East African countries are increasingly coordinating their activities through a number of informal and formal collaborations, leading to better integration and linkages of research and conservation projects related to coral reefs across regional and national levels. This regional review is focussed on coral reef status and related issues during the last 2-3 years. It builds on the GCRMN global report of 1998 and specifically summarises the coral reefs status for and across the 4 East African States. This review also draws upon biological, socioeconomic and institutional reviews commissioned for the WWF East Africa Marine Ecoregion programme and the annual national and regional reports prepared for the CORDIO programme.

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Status of Coral Reefs in East Africa: Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa and Tanzania.

Salm, R., N. Muthiga and C. Muhando, 1998

Status of coral reefs in the western Indian Ocean and evolving coral reef programmes.

p. 53-64. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Author

Salm, R., N. Muthiga and C. Muhando

Year

1998

Title

Status of coral reefs in the western Indian Ocean and evolving coral reef programmes.

Source

p. 53-64. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Keywords

Reef health, Management, Stress, Protected area

Caption

Abstract

The region has all reef types from atolls to fringing reefs with many endemic species shared within the Western Indian Ocean (WIO), which suggests that the reefs are linked by currents to make this a discrete biogeographic region. This also means there is a need for regional collaboration among the ten WIO states to manage these reefs. Reef management is not well developed in the WIO, and is focused at the site rather than at national or regional levels. Poorly regulated fisheries and coastal development, together with increasing populations and tourism are major contributors to reef destruction. This is ironic, as both fisheries and coastal tourism are heavily dependent on healthy coral reefs, and make major contributions to the economies of most countries. Many of the reefs in the region are showing distinct signs of damage from human activities, and bleaching in 1998 has been particularly severe in the Seychelles and Kenya. The principal reef management activity is the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) mainly for tourism, and little is being done to safeguard reefs for biodiversity or fisheries conservation. Although progress is being made in collaborative reef management at the community-government level, there is the need for collaboration among the WIO states to conserve reefs. This will enable sharing of successful approaches for management problems that are common to the region, use of a standard methodology and database for reef assessments to facilitate data sharing and analysis, understanding of processes sustaining the regional linkages, and will facilitate regional collaboration.

Online Documents

Status of coral reefs in the western Indian Ocean and evolving coral reef programmes.

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Abraham, T., M. Berger, D. Burdick, E. Cochrane, P. Craig, G. Didonato, D. Fenner, A. Green, Y. Golbuu, J. Gutierrez, M. Hasurmai, C. Hawkins, P. Houk, D. Idip, D. Jacobson, E. Joseph, T. Keju, J. Kuartai, S. Palik, L. Penland, S. Pinca, K. Rikim, J. Starmer, M. Trianni, S. Victor, and L. Whaylen., 2005

Status of the coral reefs in Micronesia and American Samoa. pp 381-409.

In: C. Wilkinson (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, Vol 2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 547 pp.

Author

Year

2005

Title

Status of the coral reefs in Micronesia and American Samoa. pp 381-409.

Source

In: C. Wilkinson (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, Vol 2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 547 pp.

Keywords

coral reef monitoring, management, status reports

Caption

Abstract

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Garzón-Ferreira, J., J. Cortés, A. Croquer, H. Guzmán, Z. Leao and A. Rodríguez-Ramírez, 2002

Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America in 2000-2002: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela.

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 18, pp 343-360

Author

Garzón-Ferreira, J., J. Cortés, A. Croquer, H. Guzmán, Z. Leao and A. Rodríguez-Ramírez

Year

2002

Title

Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America in 2000-2002: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela.

Source

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 18, pp 343-360

Keywords

monitoring status report management

Caption

Abstract

The 5 countries continue collaborating to consolidate the Node of the GCRMN for Southern Tropical America (STA), covering coral reef areas of the Eastern Pacific and the Western Atlantic. The coral reefs have been limited in their growth because of the strong influence of the major continental rivers, but the biodiversity is comparable to large parts of the Caribbean and they are economically important for supplying food and a strongly developing tourism industry. The coral reefs, however, have changed radically in the last 35 years, in particular during the 1980s, due mostly to anthropogenic stresses compounded by natural disturbances. Live coral cover has dropped dramatically on many of the reefs and frequently these are now dominated by algae. There are however, still some reefs that retain high coral cover between 20-40% in the Caribbean and above 40% in the Pacific. The 1997-98 strong El Niño event in the Pacific generated only moderate bleaching and low coral mortality throughout the STA. Reef monitoring in the STA has expanded over the last 3 years but geographic coverage is still insufficient in most countries to adequately assess reef status for effective resource management. Monitoring has commenced in Brazil since the last report. The rate of coral reef decline will not be reversed until there is more effective government intervention and the recognition that policies and laws need to be implemented and enforced. This will require the establishment of more marine natural parks and reserves with adequate funds to develop sustainable management backed up with coral reef research and monitoring. These funds must be sourced from national governments and international agencies, and supported by stable government infrastructure that recognises the economic and heritage value of coral reefs throughout the STA.

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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America in 2000-2002: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela.

Hoetjes, P., A. L. Kong, R. Juman, A. Miller, M. Miller, K. De Meyer and A. Smith, 2002

Status of Coral Reefs in the Eastern Caribbean: The OECS, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles.

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 17, pp 325-342

Author

Hoetjes, P., A. L. Kong, R. Juman, A. Miller, M. Miller, K. De Meyer and A. Smith

Year

2002

Title

Status of Coral Reefs in the Eastern Caribbean: The OECS, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles.

Source

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 17, pp 325-342

Keywords

monitoring status report management

Caption

Abstract

The islands of the eastern Caribbean continue to face the same threats to their coral reefs that were described in 2000. These threats include: sedimentation and pollution from coastal development; anchor and diver damage from tourism; overfishing due to increased demand; and coral bleaching and increasingly frequent and severe storms as a result of climate change. The effects of climate change have resulted in the degradation of shallow reefs throughout the eastern Caribbean, whereas deeper reefs have generally been less affected. Some islands have established effective management institutions and monitoring programs that are either well supported or are capable of generating their own revenues. However, others are hampered by inadequate legislation or lack of enforcement of existing legislation, and insufficient human and financial resources. The use of volunteer Reef Check teams for coral reef monitoring has increased management capacity in many areas. There is a need to expand upon these efforts and demonstrate the benefits derived from monitoring programs and protected areas in order to increase support from local governments.

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Status of Coral Reefs in the Eastern Caribbean: The OECS, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles.

Linton, D., R. Smith, P. Alcolado, C. Hanson, P. Edwards, R. Estrada, T. Fisher, R. G. Fernandez, F. Geraldes, C. Mccoy, D. Vaughan, V. Voegeli, G. Warner and J. Wiener, 2002

Status of Coral Reefs in the Northern Caribbean and Atlantic Node of the GCRMN.

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 15, pp 277-302

Author

Linton, D., R. Smith, P. Alcolado, C. Hanson, P. Edwards, R. Estrada, T. Fisher, R. G. Fernandez, F. Geraldes, C. Mccoy, D. Vaughan, V. Voegeli, G. Warner and J. Wiener

Year

2002

Title

Status of Coral Reefs in the Northern Caribbean and Atlantic Node of the GCRMN.

Source

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 15, pp 277-302

Keywords

monitoring status report management

Caption

Abstract

The general pattern is one of continued decline of coral reef resources, although the rate of decline may have slowed. The decline is particularly acute where island shelves are narrow and easily accessible, and where reefs are relatively close to high population areas. Some of the more isolated reefs of the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos and Cuba are still considered relatively healthy. Reefs of the Cayman Islands and Bermuda are generally healthy, although impacts are increasing, while reef systems of the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica are highly impacted, with low coral cover on most shallow reefs. In most cases, the deterioration of the reefs is related to nutrient and sediment pollution from on-shore sources, such as sewage and agriculture (causing algae to over-grow reefs), disease, over-fishing, anchor damage, destructive fishing (dynamite and bleach) and high diving/snorkeling pressures. All of the countries are dependent on tourism to some extent to support their economies, but in countries such as the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica, where economic development is heavily dependent on the marine environment, the deterioration of the reef system is greater, due to rapid coastal development and resultant habitat destruction. The situation in these countries is exacerbated by high fishing pressure on coral reef fishes. Where legislation and effective management of marine resources are given fairly high priority (Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman), some of the negative stresses have been removed and reef systems appear more stable. However, where MPAs have not been declared (Haiti) or where they remain little more than ‘paper parks’ (Cuba, Dominican Republic and Jamaica) coral reefs continue to be under stress.

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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northern Caribbean and Atlantic Node of the GCRMN.

10.

Almada-Villela, P., M. Mcfield, P. Kramer, P. R. Kramer and E. Arias-Gonzalez, 2002

Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoamerica - Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador.

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 16, pp 303-324

Author

Almada-Villela, P., M. Mcfield, P. Kramer, P. R. Kramer and E. Arias-Gonzalez

Year

2002

Title

Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoamerica - Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador.

Source

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 16, pp 303-324

Keywords

monitoring status report management

Caption

Abstract

The coral reefs of this region have changed considerably following a series of major natural disturbances and the impacts of human stresses. Reefs on the Atlantic side were battered by hurricanes in 2000, 2001 and 2002, which struck the reefs from the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula to Honduras, destroying corals with some losses up to 75% in Belize. These impacts follow closely on the heels of the extreme coral bleaching event and Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which also caused widespread damage to the region’s reefs.

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Status of Coral Reefs of Mesoamerica - Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador.

11.

Garzón-Ferreira, J., J. Cortés, A. Croquer, H. Guzmán, Z. Leão And A. Rodríguez-Ramírez, 2000

Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p331-348.

Author

Garzón-Ferreira, J., J. Cortés, A. Croquer, H. Guzmán, Z. Leão And A. Rodríguez-Ramírez

Year

2000

Title

Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela

Source

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p331-348.

Keywords

CORAL; STATUS; GCRMN

Caption

Abstract

Five countries have joined a recently created Node of the GCRMN for Southern Tropical America (STA), covering coral reef areas of the Eastern Pacific and the Western Atlantic. Coral reefs in this region are not extensive because of a strong continental influence, but they support important biodiversity reservoirs and an expanding tourism industry. Most coral reefs in STA have undergone major changes in the last 30 years, in particular during the 1980s, due to natural and anthropogenic agents. There have been important losses of live coral cover in many reef areas and transitions to algal dominated reefs. Nevertheless, considerable levels of coral cover can still be found at numerous locations on the Caribbean (means between 20-40%) and Pacific (means above 40%) coasts. Bleaching events appear to have increased in frequency, but decreased in severity, throughout the 1990s, which could be related to the global warming phenomenon. The 1997-98 strong ENSO event in the Pacific generated only moderate bleaching and low coral mortality throughout the STA. It is predicted that coral bleaching will become a more frequent event during the next decade, although the level of bleaching and related coral mortality will probably continue to be low. Reef monitoring in the STA needs to be expanded and maintained in the long term, because few of the coral reef areas are being covered by current programmes. In order to properly address coral reef decline, specific and more rigorous government policies and laws for coral reef sustainable management must be developed during the next few years, as well as effective protection of marine natural parks and reserves. Finally, funding for coral reef research, monitoring and management throughout the STA needs to be considerably increased by both national governments and international agencies.

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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela

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12.

Smith, A.H., M. Archibald, T. Bailey, C. Bouchon, A. Brathwaite, R. Comacho, S. George, H. Guiste, M. Hastings, P. James, C. Jeffrey-Appleton, K.D. Meyer, A. Miller, L. Nurse, C. Petrovic and P. Phillip, 2000

Status of Coral Reefs in the Eastern Caribbean: The OECS, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, The Netherlands Antilles and The French Caribbean

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p315-330.

Author

Year

2000

Title

Status of Coral Reefs in the Eastern Caribbean: The OECS, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, The Netherlands Antilles and The French Caribbean

Source

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p315-330.

Keywords

CORAL; STATUS; GCRMN

Caption

Abstract

The islands of the eastern Caribbean vary widely in their legislative and administrative frameworks, and in their approaches to reef management and protection. However, many of them are faced with a common set of threats and impacts: sedimentation of inshore water from development of coastal areas; overfishing due to increasing demand from local populations; and tourism. Some islands have established effective management institutions and monitoring programmes that are either well supported or are capable of generating their own revenues, while in others management is hampered by inadequate legislation or lack of enforcement of existing legislation, and insufficient human and financial resources. In recent years, the promotion of initiatives such as GCRMN, and the availability of training and technical assistance has allowed a number of countries with limited resources to begin implementing monitoring activities, based on the selection of methods suited to their current capacity, such as the Reef Check protocol. In a region where many islands are faced with the task of balancing the needs of coastal communities, the expansion of water-based tourism, and the maintenance of a limited resource base, participatory approaches to planning and management appear to offer an effective alternative to traditional centralised management.

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13.

Kramer, P., P.R. Kramer, E. Arias-Gonzalez and M. McField, 2000

Status of Coral Reefs of Northern Central America: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p287-314.

Author

Kramer, P., P.R. Kramer, E. Arias-Gonzalez and M. McField

Year

2000

Title

Status of Coral Reefs of Northern Central America: Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador

Source

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p287-314.

Keywords

CORAL; STATUS; GCRMN

Caption

Abstract

Recent large scale climatic events have had a tremendous impact on coral reefs of this region. The isolated, less-developed reefs of the Mexican Pacific suffered 40-50% coral mortality during the La Niña related cold-water events, following the 1998 El Niño bleaching event. The extensive, well-developed reefs on the Atlantic coast experienced unprecedented mass coral bleaching and mortality in 1995 and again in 1998, followed by widespread damage from the intense Hurricane Mitch, also in 1998. These events heavily impacted reefs from the Mexican Yucatan to Honduras, causing losses in coral cover of 15- 20% across the region with some losses as high as 75% in parts of Belize. Throughout large parts of the region there are intense fishing pressures and major threats to reefs from poor land-use practices and unregulated coastal development. Capacity to monitor and manage coral reefs varies enormously in the region, from advanced to virtually non-existent. Now, countries of the Mesoamerican region (Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras) are cooperating to conserve and manage their reefs and resolve cross-boundary management issues.

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14.

Lang, J., P. Alcolado, J.P. Carricart-Ganivet, M. Chiappone, A. Curran, P. Dustan, G. Gaudian, F. Geraldes, S. Gittings, R. Smith, W. Tunnell and J. Wiener, 1998

Status of coral reefs in the northern areas of the wider Caribbean.

p. 123-134. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Author

Lang, J., P. Alcolado, J.P. Carricart-Ganivet, M. Chiappone, A. Curran, P. Dustan, G. Gaudian, F. Geraldes, S. Gittings, R. Smith, W. Tunnell and J. Wiener

Year

1998

Title

Status of coral reefs in the northern areas of the wider Caribbean.

Source

p. 123-134. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Keywords

Reef health, Management, Stress, Protected area

Caption

Abstract

Most of the reefs in the northern area of the wider Caribbean (NAWC) are in fair to relatively good condition, with few examples of marked reef degradation. Reef growth in some areas is naturally limited by temperature extremes (especially cold snaps), the influence of the North American continent, and/or upwelling. Hurricanes often have a major impact on exposed reefs. White-band disease (affecting Acropora spp.) has reduced live coral cover on many reefs during the last several decades. Stony corals have been degraded or lost on a few reefs near large cities in Cuba and Hispaniola, near Veracruz (Mexico) and in the Florida Keys. Many reefs in less densely populated areas are relatively undisturbed by human activities, apart from fishing, and would be vulnerable to increased tourism and any regional or global climate changes. Stocks of reef fish are stable or increasing in a few areas where fishing effort has declined (Bermuda, parts of the USA). Elsewhere, depletion of reef fish stocks range from relatively small (parts of the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands), to severe (Haiti, Veracruz). Populations of the important, algal-grazing urchin, Diadema antillarum, remain small throughout the NAWC, and where there is severe nutrient pollution and/or intensive fishing, fleshy algae are abundant. Citizens in all NAWC nations are becoming aware of the ecological value and socioeconomic benefits of intact coastal ecosystems. Efforts to conserve and sustainably manage coral reefs are on the increase throughout the NAWC.

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Status of coral reefs in the northern areas of the wider Caribbean.

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15.

Woodley, J., K. de Meyer, P. Bush, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. Garzon-Ferreira, E. Klein, L. Pors and C. Wilson, 1998

Status of coral reefs in the south-central Caribbean,

p. 135-144. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Author

Woodley, J., K. de Meyer, P. Bush, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. Garzon-Ferreira, E. Klein, L. Pors and C. Wilson

Year

1998

Title

Status of coral reefs in the south-central Caribbean,

Source

p. 135-144. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Keywords

Reef health, Management, Stress, Protected area

Caption

Abstract

Caribbean corals have suffered from bleaching, diseases, and Diadema die-off. Reefs on narrow shelves adjacent to large human populations with many fishers (Colombia, Curacao, Jamaica, Venezuela) suffer from runoff of sediment and pollutants, over-fishing, and now show signs of degradation (fewer fish, more algae, less coral cover). Where shelves or banks are wide, or far from human populations, reefs are less disturbed. Islands with fewer people and little fishing pressure (Bonaire, Cayman) have good reefs. Here, diving tourism is economically important, and there is greater awareness of reef conservation. Cayman has the best-developed national coastal area management plan, while most other countries have marine protected areas. These are stimulating improved coastal management, aided by increasing numbers of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs).

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Status of coral reefs in the south-central Caribbean,

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16.

Cortes, J. and M.E. Hatziolos, 1998

Status of coral reefs of Central America: Pacific and Caribbean coasts.

p. 155-164. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Author

Cortes, J. and M.E. Hatziolos

Year

1998

Title

Status of coral reefs of Central America: Pacific and Caribbean coasts.

Source

p. 155-164. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Keywords

Reef health, Management, Stress, Protected area, MPA

Caption

Abstract

Reefs on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Central America are remarkably different. The Pacific coast reefs are small with very low diversity and are under very high pressure from natural impacts and increasing human activities. The reefs have been heavily damaged in the past by crown-of-thorns starfish predation and massive bleaching during El Niño years, and now by large amounts of sediment runoff from poor land-use practices. They are also being continually stressed by cold upwellings and damage from bioeroding animals that burrow into coral skeletons and scrape off newly settled corals. These poor coral growth conditions also result in a low capacity to recover from damage. There has been little activity to conserve them, and pressure is not high for protection, except for a few reefs well offshore. The eastern coast of Central America has some of the best reefs in the Caribbean. Reefs off Belize, and also those well offshore of countries to the south, have much higher biodiversity and are generally in good to excellent condition; corals are healthy and some reefs have large fish populations. These reefs have been impacted by coral bleaching, including the current episode, and by the death of the long-spined sea-urchin. But they have generally recovered rapidly. They are now being impacted by increased sediment and nutrient runoff from poor land-use practices, and by increasing fishing pressure, often using illegal means. This is particularly clear in reefs off Panama where significant degradation has been measured. There are a number of marine protected areas (MPAs), some well managed but others existing only on paper. Currently there is a major regional project in preparation, under the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Initiative (MBRI), which aims to increase the capacity for conservation and sustainable use of coral reefs along the northeastern coast of Mesoamerica, and to increase monitoring and assessment of the health of coral reef ecosystems.

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Status of coral reefs of Central America: Pacific and Caribbean coasts.

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17.

Rajasuriya, A., K. Venkataraman, E.V. Muley, H. Zahir and B. Cattermoul, 2002

Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka.

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 6, pp 101-121.

Author

Rajasuriya, A., K. Venkataraman, E.V. Muley, H. Zahir and B. Cattermoul

Year

2002

Title

Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka.

Source

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 6, pp 101-121.

Keywords

South Asia, management, marine protected areas, monitoring

Caption

Abstract

The most extensive coral reefs in South Asia are found in the atolls of Lakshadweep, Maldives, Chagos and the high islands of Andaman and Nicobar. There are many fringing and offshore patch reefs in India and Sri Lanka. In Bangladesh corals occur only around St. Martin's Island. Pakistan has poorly developed scattered reef communities. Natural disturbances and the lack of management of human activities continue to cause widespread damage to coral reefs in the region. In general, legal and governance aspects of coral reef management and conservation in South Asia can be characterized by the absence of capacity and in many cases political will to implement and enforce legislation. Marine protected areas are not well managed across South Asia and there has been little improvement in the last five years. Management is further affected due to the absence of funding, infrastructure and trained and motivated staff. Capacity to monitor the biophysical status of reefs has been improved and socio-economic monitoring capability is currently being developed. This status report provides information on the current status of reefs and their management.

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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka.

18.

Rajasuriya, A., H. Zahir, E.V. Muely, B.R. Subramanian, K. Venkataraman, M.V.M. Wafar, S.M. Munjurul Hannan Khan and E. Whittingham., 2000

Status of coral reefs in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Maldives and Sri Lanka.

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000, Australian Institute of Marine Science. p95-116.

Author

Rajasuriya, A., H. Zahir, E.V. Muely, B.R. Subramanian, K. Venkataraman, M.V.M. Wafar, S.M. Munjurul Hannan Khan and E. Whittingham.

Year

2000

Title

Status of coral reefs in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Maldives and Sri Lanka.

Source

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000, Australian Institute of Marine Science. p95-116.

Keywords

STATUS; CORAL REEF; SOUTH ASIA; GCRMN

Caption

Abstract

This status report focuses on the coral reefs of India, Maldives, and Sri Lanka, with additional information on the small coral resources of Bangladesh and Pakistan, and a brief status report on the vast Chagos Archipelago. The first summary report for this region was presented at the International Coral Reef Initiative, South Asia workshop held in the Maldives in December, 1995. This was updated at the International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Symposium in Townsville Australia in November 1998 and published in the first 1998 Status of Coral Reefs of the World. India, Maldives and Sri Lanka together form the ‘South Asia Node’ of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), supported financially by the UK Department for International Development (DFID). This regional report addresses regional perspectives as well as summaries from country reports of India, Maldives and Sri Lanka.

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Status of coral reefs in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Maldives and Sri Lanka.

19.

Fujiwara, S., T. Shibuno, K. Mito, T. Nakai, Y. Sasaki, C.F. Dai and G. Chen, 2000

Status of Coral Reefs of East and North Asia: China, Japan and Taiwan

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p131-140.

Author

Fujiwara, S., T. Shibuno, K. Mito, T. Nakai, Y. Sasaki, C.F. Dai and G. Chen

Year

2000

Title

Status of Coral Reefs of East and North Asia: China, Japan and Taiwan

Source

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p131-140.

Keywords

STATUS, CORAL; GCRMN

Caption

Abstract

These reefs sit at the northern edge of the Southeast Asian centre of biodiversity and as such share many of the species and characteristics of reefs to the south. Coral bleaching and mortality seriously damaged the reefs of southern Japan and Taiwan, and possibly of China, from July to September, 1998, when seasonal winds and currents slowed during the La Niña climate change. Bleaching stopped in late September when the first typhoon of the season came. There were many reports of coral losses of 30-60% and some as high as 80- 90%, with some localised extinctions of prominent corals reported. The Japanese government has established an international coral reef centre on Ishigaki Island (the southern islands of Okinawa) to facilitate coral reef conservation in the region and assist the GCRMN with monitoring. All countries have improved policies concerning coral reefs, but more attention is needed for designating and managing MPAs and building capacity as reefs in this region come under extreme pressures from over-fishing, as well as high levels of sediment and nutrient pollution arising from activities on land.

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20.

Rajasuriya, A. and A. White, 1998

Status of coral reefs in South Asia.

p. 47-52. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Author

Rajasuriya, A. and A. White

Year

1998

Title

Status of coral reefs in South Asia.

Source

p. 47-52. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Keywords

Reef health, Management, Stress, Protected area

Caption

Also available at AIMS website :http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/coral-bleaching/scr1998/scr-03.html

Abstract

South Asian coral reefs vary considerably. The oceanic reefs (the Maldives, Laccadive/Lakshadweep, and Chagos atolls) and the high islands (Andaman and Nicobar Islands fringing reefs) are generally in very good condition, whereas the fringing and patch reefs off India and Sri Lanka are mostly in poor condition. Increased sedimentation and pollution are major problems on mainland reefs off India and Sri Lanka. Coral mining continues to be a problem in India, Sri Lanka, and in the Maldives. Intensive fishing is common near heavily populated parts of India and Sri Lanka, but less so in the Maldives and the Indian islands. Collection for the aquarium industry is depleting favoured species in the Maldives and Sri Lanka, and tourism is increasing the demand for reef products in Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Unprecedented coral bleaching in mid-1998 has seriously damaged almost all reefs in South Asia, with losses of nearly 60–80% of live coral cover. Such large-scale damage, together with natural and human degradation, poses serious problems for coastal communities, particularly for the atolls, which also face a predicted rise in sea level. There is an increase in environmental consciousness, and attitudes towards management in South Asia have risen considerably over the past few years.

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Status of coral reefs in South Asia.

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21.

Chou, L.M., 1998

Status of southeast Asian coral reefs.

p. 79-88. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Author

Chou, L.M.

Year

1998

Title

Status of southeast Asian coral reefs.

Source

p. 79-88. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Keywords

Reef health, Management, Stress, Protected area

Caption

Abstract

Southeast Asia has about 30% of the world’s reefs and is the centre of biodiversity for hard corals and most other reef animals and plants. The region is also experiencing rapid population increases and dynamic economic growth, concentrated mainly in coastal areas. Heavy reliance on the marine resources has resulted in non-sustainable use and degradation of many coral reefs. Most reefs close to major populations have deteriorated drastically. Some remote reefs may remain in pristine condition, but there are increasing threats from roving bands of fishers taking fish by destructive means, especially cyanide. Pressures will increase as accessibility improves and the demand for fish, especially for the live fish trade, expands with economic wealth. Countering this is a demand from marine tourism for untouched reefs, which can generate long-term sustainable income if managed carefully. Of 49 reefs monitored in five ASEAN countries, less than 20% had live coral cover in excess of 75%. Many of the reefs also showed a steady decline in live coral cover with time. In response, increasing numbers of marine protected areas are being gazetted throughout the region, but less than 10% maintain a high level of management. Awareness is expanding rapidly, but recent economic turmoil will mean that calls for conservation of reef resources may go unheard in the rush to return economies to growth.

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Status of southeast Asian coral reefs.

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22.

Chin, A., H. Sweatman, S. Forbes, H. Perks, R. Walker, G. Jones, D. Williamson, R. Evans, F. Hartley,S. Armstrong, H. Malcolm, G. Edgar, 2008

Status of the Coral Reefs in Australia and Papua New Guinea: 2008

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Center, Townsville, Australia. p159-176

Author

Chin, A., H. Sweatman, S. Forbes, H. Perks, R. Walker, G. Jones, D. Williamson, R. Evans, F. Hartley,S. Armstrong, H. Malcolm, G. Edgar

Year

2008

Title

Status of the Coral Reefs in Australia and Papua New Guinea: 2008

Source

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Center, Townsville, Australia. p159-176

Keywords

GCRMN, coral status, resources, management, threats

Caption

Abstract

- The corals reefs of Australia and Papua New Guinea cover 19% of the world’s total reef area and contain levels of biological diversity approaching the ‘hot spots’ of the Philippines and Indonesia;

- Human pressures on these reefs are lower than in other parts of the world (particularly SE Asia). The reefs of eastern Australia, particularly the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), have a long history of research and monitoring and world leading management;

- Most coral reef management is implemented through Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) while fisheries resources are managed through specific fisheries management arrangements. Australian reefs are usually managed through cooperative arrangements between state and national governments, while management arrangements in PNG are predominantly driven by efforts of NGOs, local communities and local governments.

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23.

Sweatman, H., K. Osborne, L. Smith, T. Grubba, J. Kinch, G. Jones and V. Rai, 2002

Status of Coral Reefs of Australasia: Australia and Papua New Guinea.

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 9, pp 163-180.

Author

Sweatman, H., K. Osborne, L. Smith, T. Grubba, J. Kinch, G. Jones and V. Rai

Year

2002

Title

Status of Coral Reefs of Australasia: Australia and Papua New Guinea.

Source

In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world:2002. GCRMN Report, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Chapter 9, pp 163-180.

Keywords

monitoring status report management

Caption

Abstract

Australia contains over 17% of the world’s coral reefs, second only to Indonesia. These reefs are predominantly in good condition due to low levels of human pressure and supported by substantial research and monitoring. They are well protected from a relatively low level of stress from the small population that is not dependent on reefs for subsistence. These reefs have exceptionally high biodiversity, favoured by the massive size and diversity of habitats. An extensive system of marine protected areas has been implemented, the best known of these is the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (which is also a World Heritage Area). This is the world’s largest marine protected area and serves as a model for the establishment of many other similar multi-user areas. The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is amongst the best studied coral reefs in the world, with probably the largest and most extensive monitoring program, which is used as model for projects elsewhere. It attracts very high capacity in all areas of coral reef science, management and education. Crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) predation and coral bleaching have been the primary disturbances affecting GBR reefs since 2000. The current outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) originated in the Cairns section of the GBR and has been travelling south since 1992. The central region of the GBR is currently experiencing outbreak levels of COTS, while reefs in the Cairns section are showing signs of recovery. A second outbreak of COTS is active in the southern Swains reefs. There was damaging coral bleaching over considerable areas of the GBR in 2002. Bleaching was once again correlated with elevated temperature ‘hotspots’ but these varied from the areas affected in 1998. Bleaching was more extensive and inshore reefs were once again the most affected. Mortality rates from this event are not yet known. Coral disease is emerging as a new threat to the GBR with surveys in 2002 showing increased coral mortality due to an unknown group of pathogens colloquially termed ‘white syndrome’. The coral reefs of Papua New Guinea (PNG), however, are less well known with few protected areas, but with strong traditional management. There are reefs with high biodiversity and great scenic beauty, which are in relatively good condition, although there are warning signals of increasing human pressures and threats from global climate change. Countering these negative trends, there has been strong recent interest by larger NGOs which are intent on conserving much of this high biodiversity through involving communities in resource management. The largest threats on the horizon are major deforestation activities, increasing fishing pressures from steadily growing populations, and the unknown threats from coral bleaching.

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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasia: Australia and Papua New Guinea.

24.

Maniwavie, T., H. Sweatman, P. Marshall, P. Munday and V. Rei, 2000

Status of Coral Reefs of Australasia: Australia and Papua New Guinea.

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p141-158.

Author

Maniwavie, T., H. Sweatman, P. Marshall, P. Munday and V. Rei

Year

2000

Title

Status of Coral Reefs of Australasia: Australia and Papua New Guinea.

Source

In: Wilkinson, C. (ed.). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia. p141-158.

Keywords

status report; GCRMN

Caption

Abstract

This paper builds on the previous GCRMN publication in 1998 and new material is based on reports on the status of the GBR by the Australian Institute of Marine Science, which coordinates probably the largest coral reef monitoring programme in the world on the GBR and Western Australia (Box P. 155), and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA – Box P. 153). The PNG component builds on the 2000 report on the status of coral reefs in Papua New Guinea prepared by the GCRMN for the Packard Foundation.

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25.

Done, T. and C. Wilkinson, 1998

Status of coral reefs of Australia: Great Barrier Reef and Western Australia.

p. 65-78. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Author

Done, T. and C. Wilkinson

Year

1998

Title

Status of coral reefs of Australia: Great Barrier Reef and Western Australia.

Source

p. 65-78. In: C.R. Wilkinson (ed.) Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998. Australian Institue of Marine Science, Townsville, 184 p.

Keywords

Reef health, Management, Stress, Protected area, MPA

Caption

Abstract

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Status of coral reefs of Australia: Great Barrier Reef and Western Australia.

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