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Search Result: 1 records
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Kleypas, J.A., R.A. Feely, V.J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C.L. Sabine and L.L. Robbins,
2006
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Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Future Research.
Report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by NSF, NOAA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, 88 pp.
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Ref ID
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25651
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Author
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Kleypas, J.A., R.A. Feely, V.J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C.L. Sabine and L.L. Robbins
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Year
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2006
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Title
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Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Future Research.
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Source
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Report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by NSF, NOAA, and the U.S. Geological Survey, 88 pp.
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Keywords
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carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations CaCO3 saturation state
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Caption
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Abstract
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Research findings of the past decade have
led to mounting concern that rising atmospheric
carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations
will cause changes in the ocean’s carbonate chemistry
system, and that those changes will affect some of the
most fundamental biological and geochemical processes
of the sea. Thanks to the efforts of large-scale
physical and biogeochemical ocean programs such
as WOCE, JGOFS, and OACES, ocean-wide changes
in the carbonate system are now well documented.
Since 1980 ocean uptake of the excess CO2 released by
anthropogenic activities is significant; about a third
has been stored in the oceans. The rate of atmospheric
CO2 increase, however, far exceeds the rate
at which natural feedbacks can restore the system
to normal conditions. Oceanic uptake of CO2 drives
the carbonate system to lower pH and lower saturation
states of the carbonate minerals calcite, aragonite,
and high-magnesium calcite, the materials used
to form supporting skeletal structures in many major
groups of marine organisms.
A variety of evidence indicates that calcification
rates will decrease, and carbonate dissolution rates
increase, as CaCO3 saturation state decreases. This
evidence comes from principles of thermodynamics,
the geologic record, and the evolutionary pathways of
CaCO3 secreting organisms. Further evidence, from
controlled experiments of biocalcification under increased
CO2 conditions, confirms that calcification
rates of many organisms decrease with decreasing
CaCO3 saturation state. Extrapolation of these results
to the real world suggests that calcification rates will
decrease up to 60% within the 21st century. We know
that such extrapolations are oversimplified and do not
fully consider other environmental and biological effects
(e.g., rising water temperature, biological adaptation);
nor do they address effects on organism fitness,
community structure, and ecosystem functioning.
Any of these factors could increase or decrease
the laboratory-based estimates, but it is certain that
net production of CaCO3 will decrease in the future.
The St. Petersburg Workshop, sponsored by NSF,
NOAA, and the USGS, and held at the USGS Center
for Coastal and Watershed Studies on 18–20 April
2005, was designed to take the next step toward understanding
the response of marine calcification to
increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. The aims
of the workshop were to summarize existing knowledge
on the topic, reach a consensus on what the
most pressing scientific issues are, and identify future
research strategies for addressing these issues.
Although workshop participants were drawn from a
wide range of scientific disciplines, there was a clear
convergence on the major scientific issues that should
be pursued over the next 5–10 years. These include:
• Determine the calcification response to elevated
CO2 in benthic calcifiers such as corals
(including cold-water corals), coralline algae,
foraminifera, molluscs, and echinoderms; and
in planktonic calcifiers such as coccolithophores,
foraminifera, and shelled pteropods;
• Discriminate the various mechanisms of calcification
within calcifying groups, through physiological
experiments, to better understand the
cross-taxa range of responses to changing seawater
chemistry;
• Determine the interactive effects of multiple
variables that affect calcification and dissolution
in organisms (saturation state, light, temperature,
nutrients) through continued experimental
studies on an expanded suite of calcifying
groups;
• Establish clear links between laboratory experiments
and the natural environment, by combining
laboratory experiments with field studies;
• Characterize the diurnal and seasonal cycles of
the carbonate system on coral reefs, including
commitment to long-term monitoring of the system
response to continued increases in CO2;
• In concert with above, monitor in situ calcification
and dissolution in planktonic and benthic
organisms, with better characterization of
the key environmental controls on calcification;
• Incorporate ecological questions into observations
and experiments; e.g., How does a change
in calcification rate affect the ecology and survivorship
of an organism? How will ecosystem
functions differ between communities with and
without calcifying species?
• Improve the accounting of coral reef and open
ocean carbonate budgets through combined
measurements of seawater chemistry, CaCO3
production, dissolution and accumulation, and,
in near-shore environments, bioerosion and offshelf
export of CaCO3;
• Quantify and parameterize the mechanisms that
contribute to the carbonate system, through biogeochemical
and ecological modeling, and apply
such modeling to guide future sampling and experimental
efforts;
• Develop protocols for the various methodologies
used in seawater chemistry and calcification
measurements.
Some of these research objectives require technological
development, but others can be addressed immediately.
While much work remains toward answering
the fundamental question: “How will marine
calcification rates respond to increasing atmospheric
CO2 concentrations,” we need to begin investigations
that look forward to answering the question: “What
are the consequences of reduced calcification in both
planktonic and benthic calcifying communities and
ecosystems?” We should not wait until we answer the
former question before tackling the latter.
This report is intended as a guide to program
managers and researchers toward designing research
projects that address these important questions. It is
written with the detail and references needed to serve
as a resource for researchers, including graduate students,
who wish to tackle projects within the sometimes
confusing topic of marine carbonate chemistry
and calcification.
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