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Proceedings Of The Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium, 1988
The Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium was conducted in Townsville, Australia from 8-12 August 1988. A total of 633 participants from 49 countries were registered in the Symposium.

21 mini-symposia were held for the technical session, incorporating six concurrent sessions, and 360 papers were presented in the sessions. Twenty-one of these were status renews and a total of 164 posters were also presented at the symposium. The symposium proceedings comprised a volume of status reviews and two volumes of contributed manuscripts.

Search Result: 94 records

ICRS6,
Guilcher, A., 1988

A heretofore neglected type of coral reef: the ridge reef. Morphology and origin,

p. 399-402. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Guilcher, A.

Year

1988

Title

A heretofore neglected type of coral reef: the ridge reef. Morphology and origin,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Ancient reef, Ridge reef, Reef formation, Evolution

Caption

Abstract

Ridge r e e f s a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from o t h e r general types of r e e f s , and seem t o be r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e Red Sea, where they form elongated, narrow frameworks running i n t h e general d i r e c t i o n o f t h a t sea. Those on which c o r a l s now l i v e a r e found o f f Saudi Arabia and Sudan c o a s t s , one of them bearing an elongated a t o l l , Sanganeb; f o s s i l ones,consisting of h o r s t s o r a n t i c l i n e s , occur on t h e t i p of t h e S i n a i Peninsula, along t h e Gulf of Suez, and on a shallow p a r t of t h e Farsan Bank. Since Messinian e v a p o r i t e s occur extensively i n t h e Red Sea under Plio-Pleistocene sediments, t h e foundations o f t h e r i d g e r e e f s seem t o r e s u l t from a combination of normal f a u l t s r e l a t e d t o t h e progressive opening of t h e Red Sea, and o f s a l t d i a p i r s moving upwards along t h e s e f a u l t s . The p r e c i s e thickness of c o r a l s and associated organisms on t h e s e foundations i s generally unknown; i n case o f g r e a t t h i c k n e s s , subsidence i s necessary.

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ICRS6,
Kiene, W.E., 1988

A model of bioerosion on the Great Barrier Reef,

p. 449-454. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Kiene, W.E.

Year

1988

Title

A model of bioerosion on the Great Barrier Reef,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Bioerosion, Bioacretion, Grazing, Model

Caption

Abstract

Recent investigations of the processes of bioerosion on the Great Barrier Reef have provided new perspectives on the role of bioerosion within reef environments. Experiments, using dead coral substrates introduced into different environments, have found that rates of substrate destruction by grazers and borers vary between reefs at different stages of growth at sea level. The distribution of parrotfish within and between reefs is fundamental in controlling rates of bioerosion. Up to 9.11 kg/m2/year o.f carbonate erosion has been recorded in the experiments. Rapid rates of grazing destruction occur in subtidal environments on immature reefs, while reduced grazing and high encrustation rates on mature reefs maintain dead coral substrates. The age of a substrate is important in the development of borer communities. Mature environments are subjected to greater borer excavation as a result of substrate preservation by reduced grazing and increased encrustation. The preservation of dead coral substrates by encrustation and their excavation by borers in mature environments of shallow water will alter rather than destroy reef frameworks. This interaction of bioerosion and accretion will be an important consideration in reconstructions of ancient reef environments.

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ICRS6,
Sutton, D.C. and K.D. Clements, 1988

Aerobic, heterotrophic gastrointestinal microflora of tropical marine fishes,

p. 185-190. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Sutton, D.C. and K.D. Clements

Year

1988

Title

Aerobic, heterotrophic gastrointestinal microflora of tropical marine fishes,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Stress, Bacteria, Reef fish, Feeding

Caption

Abstract

The aerobic/facultatively anaerobic bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract of four tropi- cal marine fishes, representing differing nutri- tional habits, was investigated. Populations of marine bacteria in the coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus), a carnivore, were variable and not clearly related to the presence of food in the intestinal tract. For the planktivore Caesio erythrogaster, and the detritivore (Ctenochaetus striatus), up to 108 bacteria were detected per gram of gastrointestinal contents, and the popula- tion size remained relatively constant throughout the intestinal length. Vibrio species, particu- larly V. harveyi and V. damsela, dominated the microbial populations in all of the above fish. The intestinal microflora of the herbivore Acan- thurus nigrofuscus was markedly different from the other fish examined. Stomach contents were devoid of culturable bacteria and the intestinal tract was dominated (in some cases up to 100%) by agar digesting non-Vibrio bacteria. These results are discussed in relation to the possible role of marine bacteria in digestive and nutritional processes in tropical marine fishes.

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ICRS6,
Fitzgerald, L.M. and A.M. Szmant, 1988

Amino acid metabolism: adaptations to low nutrient conditions?

p. 5-9. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Fitzgerald, L.M. and A.M. Szmant

Year

1988

Title

Amino acid metabolism: adaptations to low nutrient conditions?

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Nutrient, Nitrogen, Amino acid, Amino acid

Caption

Abstract

The amount of N functionally available to scleractinian reef corals via the water, feeding and zooxanthellar uanslocate is believed to be low. Corals with zooxanthellae supposedly receive from their symbionts a large amount of-C-rich compounds (lipids, carbohydrates) relative to N-rich compounds (amino acids, nucleic acids). Hence, zooxanthellate reef corals may have a diet lower in % N than non-zooxanthellate corals. Coral species with a high C:N ratio diet may have evolved mechanisms for compensation, such as reduced rates of amino acid catabolism. Five species of Atlantic scleractinian coral (three tropical zooxanthellate species Montastrea annularis (MA), Acropora cervicornis (AC), and Porites porites (PP), one tropical non- zooxanthellate species, Tubastrea coccinea (TC), and one temperate facultatively zooxanthellate species, Asfrangia danae (AD)) were chosen for a study of uptake, retention and assimilation of three radiolabeled amino acids (glutamic acid, lysine and valine). After 24 to 48 hours, the three species with expected low N diets (MA, AC and PP) lost 50% or less of the radiolabel, while those species with expected high N diets (TC and AD) lost up to 78%; these differences were statistically significant at the p 2 0.01 level. The assimilation of radiolabeled amino acids into protein also varied between the erou~s: MA. AC and PP incornorated 37-76% into protein ~" ~. while AD incorporated 16-34%. Yhese differences wek also statisticallv significant. Amino acid assimilation into protein by TC va;edvwith the amino acid: 24-41% of the giutamic acid, 51-58% of the lysine and 67-80% of the valine were incorporated into protein. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that zooxanthellate reef corals, that receive large amounts of energy-rich compounds from their symbionts, have reduced rates of amino acid catabolism compared to predatory non-zooxanthellate coral species. The results also show that among predatory corals, a species with a more limited diet (TC) is more efficient at assimilating amino acids than a species with an abundant food source (AD).

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ICRS6,
Lewis, R.J., M.Y. Chaloupka, N.C. Gillespie and M.J. Holmes, 1988

An analysis of the human response to ciguatera in Australia,

p. 67-72. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Lewis, R.J., M.Y. Chaloupka, N.C. Gillespie and M.J. Holmes

Year

1988

Title

An analysis of the human response to ciguatera in Australia,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Secondary metabolites, Ciguatera, Database, Symptoms

Caption

Abstract

Ciguatera is prevalent in Australia. A database consisting of 617 cases of ciguatera collected over 23 years was analysed in an attempt to more precisely define the ciguatera syndrome in Australia. Nine of the 27 signs and symptoms occurred more often for consumers of toxic mackerel than for consumers of other toxic species. Persons living south of Gladstone were more likely to consume toxic mackerel species while non-mackerel species caused the majority of poisonings north of Gladstone. The time to onset of symptoms ranged from < 1 hr to > 70 hr with a mean of 6.4 hr. Neither age nor gender influenced the time to onset of symptoms. Persons living north of Gladstone had a significantly longer time to the onset of symptoms than persons south of Gladstone. Both the symptom profile and time to onset of symptoms support the conclusion that mackerel are on average more toxic than non- mackerel species, although the presence of different toxins in mackerel and non-mackerel species cannot be excluded as a possibility at this stage.

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ICRS6,
Fautin, D.G., 1988

Anthozoan dominated benthic environments,

p. 231-236. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Fautin, D.G.

Year

1988

Title

Anthozoan dominated benthic environments,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Community structure, Anemone, Bentic, Soft coral

Caption

Abstract

The c o r a l r e e f ecosystem e x i s t s and p e r s i s t s only i n v i r t u a l l y f u l l y s a l i n e water o f a p a r t i c u l a r temperature range, a t shallow depths, where t h e substratum is firm. This is a consequence o f t h e r a t h e r narrow physico-chemical t o l e r a n c e s o f her- matypic s c l e r a c t i n i a n c o r a l s , t h e animals t h a t a r e t h e main b u i l d e r s o f r e e f framework. Commonly, they a r e a l s o major occupiers o f space i n such h a b i t a t s . However, i n o t h e r shallow, t r o p i c a l marine environments, o r i n t h e same h a b i t a t s under d i f f e r e n t conditions, non-scleractinian anthozoans -- t y p i c a l l y zoanthids and o c t o c o r a l s -- occupy comparable expanses o f substratum. Likewise, some temperate and deep-water marine communities a r e dominated by anthozoans, g e n e r a l l y a c t i n i a n s . Although t h e s e animals do n o t s t r u c t u r e t h e i r communities p h y s i c a l l y , they a r e , i n many r e s - p e c t s , f u n c t i o n a l l y comparable t o reef-building c o r a l s . Thus, such anthozoans appear t o comprise a g r o u p o f e c o l o g i c a l l y equivalent (which is n o t t o say interchangeable) benthic dominants, t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f which is determined mainly by physico-chemical f a c t o r s , mediated and modulated -- e s p e c i a l l y on a l o c a l s c a l e -- by b i o t i c ones.

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ICRS6,
Paul, V.J. and K.L. van Alstyne, 1988

Antiherbivore defenses in Halimeda,

p. 133-138. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Paul, V.J. and K.L. van Alstyne

Year

1988

Title

Antiherbivore defenses in Halimeda,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Halimeda, Chemical defense, Secondary metabolite, Herbivore

Caption

Abstract

Over a dozen s p e c i e s of t h e genus Halimeda have been chemically i n v e s t i g a t e d and found t o produce t h e d i t e r p e n o i d metabolites h a l i m e d a t e t r a a c e t a t e ( 1 ) and h a l i m e d a t r i a l ( 2 ) i n varying concen- t r a t i o n s . On Guam, Halimeda g i m produces a d i f f e r e n t major metabolite, a p e n t a a c e t a t e ( 4 ) t h a t i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o h a l i m e d a t e t r a a c e t a t e . We examined t h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t i e s of f i v e common Halimeda s p e c i e s t o grazing by herbivorous f i s h e s in f i e l d assays on Guam. Halimeda g i ~ a s and H_. macroloba were t h e most s u s c e p t i b l e t o f i s h e s , but both were s t i l l consumed slowly (50% e a t e n i n 2 days). On Yap I s l a n d , where grazing i n t e n s i t y and f i s h d i v e r s i t y a r e h i g h , 4. macroloba and 5. ovuntia were more r a p i d l y consumed (>80% e a t e n i n 2.5 h ) . The secondary m e t a b o l i t e s of Halimeda a r e e f f e c t i v e feeding d e t e r r e n t s toward some herbivorous f i s h e s and not o t h e r s . Chemical defenses combined with morphological defenses ( c a l c i f i c a t i o n ) i n Halimeda l i k e l y c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e success of Halimeda s p e c i e s i n many t r o p i c a l r e e f h a b i t a t s . However, some s s c o g l o s s s n s of t h e genus E l y s i a have evolved t o s p e c i a l i z e on Halimeda s p e c i e s and do not appear t o be d e t e r r e d by Halimeda m e t a b o l i t e s . On Guam, E m halimedae s e q u e s t e r s a modified diterpenoid from H_. macroloba and u s e s i t f o r i t s own defense a g a i n s t p r e d a t o r s .

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ICRS6
Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.), 1988

Author index.

Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.)

Year

1988

Title

Author index.

Source

Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Keywords

icrs6

Caption

Abstract

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ICRS6,
Jones, B. and S.G. Pemberton, 1988

Bioerosion of corals by Lithophaga: example from the Pleistocene Ironshore formation of Grand Cayman, B.W.I.

p. 437-440. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Jones, B. and S.G. Pemberton

Year

1988

Title

Bioerosion of corals by Lithophaga: example from the Pleistocene Ironshore formation of Grand Cayman, B.W.I.

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Bioerosion, Lithophaga, Ancient reef, Borer

Caption

Abstract

Large colonies of mntastrea annularis and Diplo- r i a labyrinthifonnis from the Ironshore Formation of Grand Cayman contain abundant Gastrochaeno- l i t e s torpedo which were produced by t h e boring bivalve Lithophaga sp. These clavate b r i n g s , which are up t o 14 a n long and 4 a n i n diameter, have a lining of fluorescent calcium carbonate t h a t serves t o strengthen the substrate. Some of the calcium carbonate i n t h e lining may have been derived from the skeletal aragonite t h a t was de- stroyed a s the bivalve bored into t h e coral. Al- though t h e bivalve borings increase the rock-area available for secondary attack by other boring organisms t h e Caymanian examples show l i t t l e wi- dence of t h i s ; preswlably because t h e borings were never vacant for any great length of time. Those b r i n g s which did become empty were quickly f i l l e d with sediments and cements. Although t h e boring is the most obvious feature produced by Lithophaga, it is apparent t h a t this bivalve also mediated numerous other important processes.

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10.

ICRS6,
Acker, K.L. and C.W. Stearn, 1988

Biological and sedimentological changes across the carbonate-siliclastic transition, Northeast Barbados, W.I.

p. 319-324. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Acker, K.L. and C.W. Stearn

Year

1988

Title

Biological and sedimentological changes across the carbonate-siliclastic transition, Northeast Barbados, W.I.

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Sediment transport, Runoff, Topography, Sediment

Caption

Abstract

Knowledge of the geometry, dynamics and ecology of carbonate-siliciclastic tran- sitions is a useful tool for prediction of the impact of sediment runoff on car- bonate production. After heavy rains at Barbados, fresh water containing sand and mud is debouched on to the east coast insular shelf. The coarse-grained mater- ial is transported on to a sand ramp, over the shelf break, or incorporated into the adjacent beaches. The fine- grained sediment is transported along the shore within a sediment plume and is deposited on to the spur and groove sys- tem and deep water reefs of the northeast coast insular shelf. The shallow water facies transition is abrupt (within 30m laterally), is located on a submerged barrier reef, and is defined by a change in lithology, textural properties of the sediment and benthic biota. The deep water transition is gradual (over 200m laterally). The main controls on the configuration of the facies and the vigor of the reefs are: 1) the prevailing hydrodynamic regime, 2) shelf floor topo- graphy, 3) textural properties of the sediments, and 4) distance from the source of terrigenous sediment. The sil- iciclastic facies and the reefs of the carbonate facies accumulate as adjacent, contemporaneous and compatible facies.

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11.

ICRS6,
Antonius, A., 1988

Black band disease behaviour on Red Sea reef corals,

p. 145-150. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Antonius, A.

Year

1988

Title

Black band disease behaviour on Red Sea reef corals,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Black band disease, Stress coral disease

Caption

Abstract

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12.

ICRS6,
Williams, E.H.Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams, 1988

Bleaching of Caribbean reef symbionts in 1987-1988,

p. 313-318. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Williams, E.H.Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams

Year

1988

Title

Bleaching of Caribbean reef symbionts in 1987-1988,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Stress, Bleaching, Mortality, Database coral belaching

Caption

Abstract

The most widespread and i n t e n s e bleaching ever reported i n t h e t r o b i c a l and s u b t r o p i c a l western A t l a n t i c occurred i n 1987-1988. South F l o r i d a , t h e Bahamas, and t h e northern Caribbean were t h e most severely a f f e c t e d a r e a s . Bleaching occurred t h e r e and i n p a r t s of e a s t e r n Colombia and o f f Texas from summer through f a l l of 1987. I n l a t e f a l l t o e a r l y winter recovery began i n t h e s e a r e a s , while bleaching began i n much of t h e remaining Caribbean a t t h a t time. More t h a n 80 s p e c i e s of c o r a l reef symbionts, r e p r e s e n t i n g 3 phyla and 14 o r d e r s , and including t h e most important r e e f building c o r a l s , bleached i n t h e West I n d i e s . Many c o r a l r e e f symbionts s u f f e r e d n e c r o t i c damage and/or death. Almost a l l parameters of t h e event d i f f e r g r e a t l y between l o c a t i o n s , w i t h i n l o c a t i o n s , and among s p e c i e s . High v a r i a b i l i t y may be t h e most common f a c t o r .

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13.

ICRS6,
Oberste-Lehn, D., 1988

Borehole gravity measurements at Enewetak Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Western Pacific Ocean,

p. 553-558. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Oberste-Lehn, D.

Year

1988

Title

Borehole gravity measurements at Enewetak Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Western Pacific Ocean,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Reef formation, Borehole gravity, Lithification, Carbonate

Caption

Abstract

Borehole gravity (BHG) measurements were made i n t h e OAK c r a t e r a r e a a t Enewetak A t o l l . The s i x BHG holes were along a t r a n s e c t p a r a l l e l t o t h e r e e f extending from t h e c r a t e r bathymetric center 6055 f t southwest t o a reference hole beyond t h e e f f e c t s of t h e c r a t e r i n g . The main objectives t o ( a ) obtain i n s i t u bulk d e n s i t i e s , and ( b ) d e t e c t anomalous d e n s i t i e s associated with c r a t e r forming mechanisms and processes, were achieved. In t h e reference borehole, averaged d e n s i t i e s were 1.90- 1.92 g/cc ( P l e i s t o c e n e ) , 1.98 g/cc (upper Plio- cene), and 2.01 g/cc (Middle Pliocene). System- a t i c density increases f o r some of t h e c o r r e l a t e d i n t e r v a l s between t h e reference hole and c r a t e r center were estimated t o range from roughly 3% f o r t h e hole within t h e outer c r a t e r zone and 5%-for t h e hole a t mid-radius of t h e inner c r a t e r zone, t o 13% a t t h e c r a t e r c e n t e r . Results of t h e BHG survey i n d i c a t e t h a t subsidence due t o densifica- t i o n does not appear t o be a major process i n producing t h e l a r g e apparent c r a t e r s a t Enewetak. BHG provided much b e t t e r q u a l i t y d a t a than t h e gamma gamma l o g s . Detection of anomalous density zones, o r l a r g e caverns, by BHG could be useful i n a t o l l s t u d i e s such a s sea l e v e l changes and dia- genesis. This was t h e f i r s t successful borehole g r a v i t y survey from a d r i l l s h i p i n an a t o l l environment.

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14.

ICRS6,
Massin, C., 1988

Boring coralliophiidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda): coral host relationship,

p. 177-184. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Massin, C.

Year

1988

Title

Boring coralliophiidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda): coral host relationship,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Stress, Corallivore, Parasite, Borer

Caption

Abstract

An intensive survey of the coral fauna of Papua New Guinea and observations in the Maldive Islands have shown that species belonging to the genera Leptoconchus, Magilus and Reliquiaecava are locally very abundant. In Hansa Bay (Papua New Guinea), Leptoconchus SEE^_ have been found in 50 different coral species, Magilus antiquus and Reli- quiaecava robillardi in 4 and 3 coral species re- spectively. Infested corals are in 6 families: Fun- giidae, Faviidae, Mussidae, Siderastreidae, Tham- nasteriidae, Agariciidae. Fungiidae and Faviidae show the highest number of infested species. Depth distribution, local and general distribu- tion, intensity of parasitism in relation to coral species, coral density and polyp diameter, sex' ratio, types of burrow and larval shell are given for the boring Coralliophilidae. The coral genera infested by boring- and free-living Coralliophili- dae (Quoyula sp., Coralliophila Coralliobia %) are compared. Arguments are presented to suggest that the se- quence "living on the coral, boring in the dead part of the coral, boring in the living part of the coral" is unlikely to be a linear adaptive trend in the Coralliophilidae. In this family, pen- etration into corals seems to be a polyphyletic phenomenon.

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15.

ICRS6,
Borowitzka, M.A., R. Hinde and F. Pironet, 1988

Carbon fixation by the sponge Dysidea herbacea and its endosymbiont Oscillatoria spongeliae,

p. 151-156. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Borowitzka, M.A., R. Hinde and F. Pironet

Year

1988

Title

Carbon fixation by the sponge Dysidea herbacea and its endosymbiont Oscillatoria spongeliae,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Symbiosis, Carbon fixation, Sponge, Algae

Caption

Abstract

The symbiotic association between t h e sponge Dysidea herbacea (Dictyoceratida) and t h e filamentous blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Oscillatoria sgonqeliae is common on c o r a l reefs. Carbon f i x a t i o and metabolism by t h e i n t a c t sponge and by isolated algae was studied a t One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef using "COZ. The i n t a c t association and t h e isolated algae have a high r a t e of photosynthetic carbon fixatlon of approximately 150 umoles CO?. mg-I chlorophyll a _ . hour-'. " COZ f i x a t i o n i n t h e dark is about 6% of t h e l i g h t r a t e i n t h e i n t a c t sponge. The major proportion of t h e photosynthetically fixed carbon rapidly e n t e r s t h e KOH-extractable f r a c t i o n (i.e. proteins, polysaccharides etc.). After 60 minutes of l a b e l l i n g i n t h e l i g h t . about 76% of t h e l a b e l is in t h e KOH f r a c t i o n , 18% i n t h e ethanol-soluble f r a c t i o n (amino acids, sugars, organic acids etc.), 2.5% in t h e chloroform-soluble f r a c t i o n (lipids) and 3.5% has been excreted a s dissolved organic carbon. Such a l a b e l l i n g pattern is unusual f o r an algal/invertebrate symbiosis.

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16.

ICRS6,
Hillis-Colinvaux, L., 1988

Characteristics of Halimeda meadows, with emphasis on a meadow near Eniweton Islet, Eniwetok Atoll (Marshall Islands)

p. 119-125. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Hillis-Colinvaux, L.

Year

1988

Title

Characteristics of Halimeda meadows, with emphasis on a meadow near Eniweton Islet, Eniwetok Atoll (Marshall Islands)

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Community structure, Halimeda, Biomass, Diversity

Caption

Abstract

Dense cover and ca 95% of the biomass are provided by the rhizophyte species H. incrassata in a Halimeda meadow at -21m in the southeastern portion of Eniwetok Atoll's lagoon. Within the entire meadow, however, species diversity was high with 8 or more species present. Altered 11. incrassata morphology consisting of multiple holdfasts, and branches acting as stolons sequester sediments, provide stability, and anchor successions of meadows, resulting in a raised community. Loss on ignition analysis of the rhizophyte species H. c lindracea indicated a contribution of h~dfazt to total carbon investment of over 40%. Some kinds of meadows are likely precursors of Halimeda banks (bioherms), but characteristics of meadows differ significantly with, for example, some of the deeper meadows at Eniwetok and those described for Australia's Great Barrier Reef having predominantly haptophyte species. Well developed meadows are likely to be absent in typical fringing reefs; their development elsewhere may be influenced by thermally stratified water, increased nutrient flow over thalli, absorption of nutrients from the substratum as well as by upwellings and the Bernoulli effect as described in the literature.

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17.

ICRS6,
Oberdorfer, J.A. and R.W Buddemeier, 1988

Climate change on reef island resources,

p. 523-527. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Oberdorfer, J.A. and R.W Buddemeier

Year

1988

Title

Climate change on reef island resources,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Sea level change, Hydrogeology, Climate change, Model

Caption

Abstract

The salinity, depth, quantity, and reliability of fresh ground- water resources on coral reef islands and coastlines are envi- ronmentally important parameters. Groundwater influences or controls the terrestrial flora, salinity, and nutrient levels in the near-shore benthic environment, the rate and nature of sediment diagenesis, and the density of human habitation. Data from a number of Indo-Pacific reef islands suggest that freshwater inventory is a function of rainfall and island di- mensions. A numerical model (SUTRA) has been used to sim- ulate the responses of atoll island groundwater to changes in recharge (precipitation), sea level, and loss of island area due to flooding. The model has been calibrated for Enjebi Island, Enewetak Atoll, where a moderately permeable, water-table aquifer overlies a high-permeability formation. Total freshwa- ter inventory is a monotonic but nonlinear function of re- charge. If recharge and island area are constant, rising sea level increases the inventory of fresh water by increasing the useful volume of the aquifer above the high-permeability zone. Flooding of land area reduces the total freshwater in- ventory approximately in proportion to the loss of recharge area. The most significant results of the model simulation, however, are the findings that the inventory of low-salinity water (and by extrapolation, potable water) is disproportion- ately sensitive to changes in ;echarge, island dimensions, or recharge. Island freshwater resources may therefore be unex- pectedly vulnerable to climate change.

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18.

ICRS6,
La Barre, S.C., D. Laurent, P.W. Sammarco, W.T. Williams and J.C. Coll, 1988

Comparative ichthyotoxicity of shallow and deep water sponges of New Caledonia,

p. 55-59. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

La Barre, S.C., D. Laurent, P.W. Sammarco, W.T. Williams and J.C. Coll

Year

1988

Title

Comparative ichthyotoxicity of shallow and deep water sponges of New Caledonia,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Secondary metabolites, Reef fish, Mortality, Sponge

Caption

Abstract

A survey of comparative i c h t h y o t o x i c i t y i n marine sponges from shallow and deep water i n t h e southern province of New Caledonia was conducted. Test f i s h Gambusia a f f i n i s ( V e r t e b r a t a . P i s c e s ) were exposed t o aqueous macerates of 30 shallow water and 30 deep-water sponges. M o r t a l i t y counts and behavioural changes were recorded over twelve h o u r s , readings taken on a geometric time s c a l e . The responses e x h i b i t e d by t h e f i s h ranged from r a p i d m o r t a l i t y and varying l e v e l of d i s t r e s s and n a r c o t i z a t i o n , t o e f f e c t s i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from c o n t r o l s . Sponges were c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h r e e major t o x i c i t y groups: 100% l e t h a l , t o x i c (

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19.

ICRS6,
Best, M.B. and G.J. Boekschoten, 1988

Comparative qualitative studies on coral species composition in various reef sites in the eastern Indonesian Archipelago,

p. 197-204. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Best, M.B. and G.J. Boekschoten

Year

1988

Title

Comparative qualitative studies on coral species composition in various reef sites in the eastern Indonesian Archipelago,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Diversity, Coral species, Uplift, Community structure

Caption

Abstract

During the ship-based Snellius-I1 expedition eastern Indonesian reefs were surveyed. In this paper some results will be treated in order to discuss qualitative differences in coral species compositions between the reef sites in each area. The capricious coastline in N.E. Komodo presents a variety of abiotic environments influencing coral growth. Sheltered isolated embayments harbour fragile coral species that cannot survive in dynamic reef areas where hardy opportunistic coral species dominate. Other sites treated are Sanggar bay and Bima bay at Sumbawa's north coast and the lagoon of Tarupa besar in Taka Bone Rate. They are very different and harbour many rare coral species. Viz. the variety of coral faunas in these few sites, many more localities with strongly divergent faunas may be expected in eastern Indonesia. Such refuge areas for rare coral species are of crucial importance to maintain diversity in this group of organisms. Coral reefs dominated by opportunistic species adapted to dynamic conditions (among which the influence of man) are taking over in the world. Lack of refuge during the glacial sea level changes tias eliminated most of the Atlantic reef corals. That still more than 350 coral species live in the Indo-Pacific is due to the refuge areas present in the tectonically and hydrologically very dynamic eastern Indonesian archipelago, the most restless part of the earth's crust.

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20.

ICRS6,
Liddell, W.D. and S.L. Ohlhorst, 1988

Comparison of Western Atlantic coral reef communities,

p. 281-286. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Liddell, W.D. and S.L. Ohlhorst

Year

1988

Title

Comparison of Western Atlantic coral reef communities,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Coral reefs, Coral community

Caption

Abstract

The m a j o r i t y of Western A t l a n t i c c o r a l r e e f s a r e remarkably s i m i l a r i n terms o f the c o r a l s p e c i e s p r e s e n t a t most s i t e s ( t h e exclusion o f cold- i n t o l e r a n t t a x a , such a s Acropora and o t h e r s , from Bermuda and the Flower Gardens i s an exception). L o c a l i t i e s d i f f e r g r e a t l y , however, i n r e l a t i v e abundance of c o r a l s p e c i e s and c o r a l d i v e r s i t i e s ( H ' ) . The former cannot be r e a d i l y r e l a t e d t o geographic l o c a t i o n , i n d i c a t i n g t h e presence o f a g r e a t degree o f heterogeneity within t h e province which is due t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n ambient environments and, perhaps, s t o c h a s t i c processes. Coral s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y e x h i b i t s d i s t i n c t geographic t r e n d s with t h e lowest values occurring a t the southern (Colombian and Venezuelan c o a s t a l a r e a s ) , northwestern (Campeche Bank, n o r t h e r n Gulf of Mexico) and n o r t h e a s t e r n (Bermuda) margins o f t h e province. This p a t t e r n appears t o be l a r g e l y mediated by temperature, n o t r e s t r i c t i o n o f l a r v a l d i s p e r s i o n . F i n a l l y , l o c a l i t i e s a l s o d i f f e r i n r e l a t i v e abundance of s e s s i l e benthic community components i n a d d i t i o n t o c o r a l s .

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21.

ICRS6,
Fadlallah, Y.H. and R.T. Lindo, 1988

Contrasting cycles of reproduction in Stylophora pistillata from the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf, with emphasis on temperature,

p. 225-230. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Fadlallah, Y.H. and R.T. Lindo

Year

1988

Title

Contrasting cycles of reproduction in Stylophora pistillata from the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf, with emphasis on temperature,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Reproduction, Temperature, Stylophora pistillata, Particle tracking

Caption

Abstract

The cycles of gametogenesis and planula production in Stylophora pistillata are analyzed in terms of temperature regimes in the central ~ e d Sea and the western Arabian Gulf and compared with the cycles of S. pistillata in other regions. In the central Red Sea, S. pistillata has a continuous annual cycle of reproduction which encompasses two periods of oogenesis and two extended periods of embryogenesis. In contrast, S. pistillata from the Arabian Gulf has a seasonal cycle of gametogenesis followed by a rapid pulse of embryogenesis and planula release, and a six-month period of inactivity. The results suggest that amplitude and period of seawater temperature cycles are the forcing factors for the contrasting cycles of gametogenesis in Stylophora pistlllata on the opposite sides of the Arabian peninsula.

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22.

ICRS6,
Beulig, A., 1988

Coral composition of a fringing reef within the Belizean Barrier Reef System,

p. 205-210. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Beulig, A.

Year

1988

Title

Coral composition of a fringing reef within the Belizean Barrier Reef System,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Community structure, Zonation, Coral species, Method

Caption

Abstract

A study program on t h e fringing reef o f Ambergris Cay was i n i t i a t e d during June 6 J u l y , 1987 a s t h e f i r s t of an ongoing s e r i e s of investigations i n t h e Coral Reef Ecology Program a t New College of USE. Along a 900m transect l i n e fran beach t o reef c r e s t a t 2Cm i n t e r v a l s , 45 ten-meter transects were l a i d out p a r a l l e l t o the reef c r e s t and 10 randomly selected points were located on each l i n e . The point-quarter method (Loya, 1978) was used t o determine c o r a l species d i s t r i b u t i o n . Aerial photos from a l i g h t plane, underwater photos, depth ueasureuents a s well a s f i e l d d a t a on c o r a l s , vegetation and topography were used t o e s t a b l i s h zonation and reef c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Four regions were i d e n t i f i e d i n which s i x zones were recognized. Coral cover was l e s s than 1% on most transects except i n Rubble & Boulder Zone where it reached 26%. Compared w-ith barrier reef a t Carrie Bow Cay (Rutzler 6 k c i n t y r e , 1982) c o r a l s were l e s s abundant, average water depth greater and some c o r a l s ( i e Acropora cervicornis) mch l e s s abundant a t Ambergris Cay. The point-quarter method was f a s t , but r a r e , sparsely d i s t r i b u t e d species were overestimated. Our hypothesis of differences between the fringing reef of Ambergris Cay and barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay was t e n t a t i v e l y supported. A s a l i e n t feature possibly implicated is a strong longshore current i n the Lagoon of Ambergris Cay

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23.

ICRS6,
Mohamed, M.I.H. and Z. Badaruddin, 1988

Coral reef morphology and ecology of the Malaysian east coast island,

p. 349-353. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Mohamed, M.I.H. and Z. Badaruddin

Year

1988

Title

Coral reef morphology and ecology of the Malaysian east coast island,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Zonation, Reef profile, Coral cover, Lifeform

Caption

Abstract

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24.

ICRS6,
Licaunan, W.Y. and E.D. Gomez, 1988

Coral reefs of the northwestern Philippines: a physiognomic approach,

p. 275-280. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Licaunan, W.Y. and E.D. Gomez

Year

1988

Title

Coral reefs of the northwestern Philippines: a physiognomic approach,

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Coral reef, Physiognomy

Caption

Abstract

Patterns i n the d i s t r i b u t i o n of life-forms ("phy- siognomic- structural" a t t r i b u t e s ) i n c o r a l r e e f s and reef communities i n the northwestern Philip- pines were described using c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and ordination techniques, including detrended canoni- c a l correspondence analysis. Results showed the influence of degree of embayment, orientation of the bay, and distance from land on l o c a l reef "underwater landscapeT1 features such t h a t com- munities on wave-exposed s i t e s outside the embay- ments a r e more well defined. In the wave-sheltered areas, the e f f e c t s of other gradients were accen- tuated r e s u l t i n g i n a greater variety of lTunder- water landscape^^^. The trends approximated those described f o r the Great Barrier Reef and the western Pacific Ocean. However, the influence of f a c t o r s mentioned above and differences i n environ- mental conditions ( l i k e the reversing monsoon system), resulted i n the l o s s of windward-leeward d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and possibly, the nondevelopment of a well defined a l g a l c r e s t .

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25.

ICRS6,
Hunter, I.G. and B. Jones, 1988

Corals and paleogeography of the Pleistocene Ironeshore formation on Grand Cayman, B.W.I.

p. 431-435. In Choat, J.H., D. Barnes, MA. Borowitzka, J.C. Coll, P.J.Davies, P. Flood, B.G. Hatcher, D. Hopley, P.A. Hutchings, D. Kinsey, G.R. Orme, M. Pichon, P.F. Sale, P. Sammarco, C.C. Wallace, C. Wilkinson, E. Wolanski and O. Bellwood (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium: Vol. 3: Contributed Papers. Townsville, Australia.

Author

Hunter, I.G. and B. Jones

Year

1988

Title

Corals and paleogeography of the Pleistocene Ironeshore formation on Grand Cayman, B.W.I.

Source

Keywords

ICRS6, Paleogeography, Facies, Ancient reef, Reef development

Caption

Abstract

Most of the Ironshore Formation on the western half of Grand Cayman was deposited in a large lagoon (herein named the Ironshore Lagoon) . This lagoon was flanked t o the north, south, and east by the Oligocene-Miocene Bluff Formation, and t o the west by a reef complex. The Ironshore Forma- tion of this area encompassed the broadly defined depositional regimes of: (1) lagoonal environment - bivalve facies, (2) lagoonal environment - mid facies, (3) lagoonal environment - patch reefs and interreef limestones, and (4) reef tract. The patch reefs near the western edge of the Ironshore Lagoon encompassed a diverse coral assemblage dominated by large hemispherical M. annularis, D. strigosa, and S. siderea. The large patch reefs have a higher species diversity than the small reefs. Faunas of the reef t r a c t are dominated by A. cervicornis, A. palnnta, P. p r i t e s , D. cylindrus, Pocillopora sp., M. m u - laris, and D. strigosa. The presence of Acropra, a coral ineffective a t sedhmt rejection, on the reef t r a c t and its absence in the patch reefs is the greatest difference between the two comrmnities.

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