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Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 1981
The Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium was conducted by the Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, from 18-22 May 1981. The theme chosen for the Manila symposium was "The Reef and Man" as coral reefs are an important marine resource exploited by the local populations for their sustenance and livelihood. Emphasis was given to coral reef management, fisheries, and environmental stress, in addition to the more traditional areas.

A total of 275 papers were presented, some 50 of which were on resource management and environmental impacts. The symposium was attended by approximately 350 participants and 250 observers, with sizeable group of Russian and People's Republic of China scientists present for the first time.

Search Result: 110 records

ICRS4
Tilmant, J.T. and G.P. Schmahl, 1982

A comparative analysis of coral damage on recreationally used reefs within Biscayne National Park, Florida,

p. 187-192. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Tilmant, J.T. and G.P. Schmahl

Year

1982

Title

A comparative analysis of coral damage on recreationally used reefs within Biscayne National Park, Florida,

Source

Keywords

Damaged reefs, Tourism, Marine parks, ICRS4

Caption

Hard copies of this symposium proceedings may be purchased from The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez St., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Tel: (63 2) 922-3959 Fax: (63 2) 924-7678 msi.publications@upmsi.ph ========================================

Abstract

A three-year study of coral patch reefs documented the incidence of physical damage to corals in relation to human use. Four bouyed patch reefs were compared to a similar set of four unmarked reefs. Eight repetitive 30 min systematic swims. conducted seasonally at each study reef, revealed mean incidences of damage ranging from 35 to 140 corals/count. Significant differences were not observed on less used unmarked reefs in most cases. Octocorallia comprised over 85% of the total damage observed. This coincided with the approximate proportion of that groups' occurrence in the coral community. Scleractinia averaged less than 5% of the total damage which was consistently less than their proportional occurrence. Annual visitation ranged from 3400 to 3600 persons on the bouyed reefs studied. The most frequent recreational activities observed were snorkeling and spearfishing, Natural wave action and substrate erosion were believed to account for the vast majority of coral damage encountered. Natural damage masked specific incidence of damage by swimmers or boaters. General boat operation in the area studied was found to be seriously affecting individual large colonies due to groundings.

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ICRS4
McIntosh, G.S., Jr., 1982

A concept for artificial reefs as fishery management tools in the United States,

p. 99-103. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

McIntosh, G.S., Jr.

Year

1982

Title

A concept for artificial reefs as fishery management tools in the United States,

Source

Keywords

Management, Fishery, Artificial reef, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The construction and use of artificial reefs in fishery resource management is receiving attention in the United States. The United States Government, through its Departments of Interior and Commerce, is probing the efficacy of using obsolete offshore oil and gas production platforms as artificial reefs. This effort is undertaken in close cooperation with the private sector (offshore oil and gas industry) and the Gulf of Mexico coastal states. Development of criteria to maintain equity between the donor and the recipient states as well as measurement of the needs of both recreational and commercial fishermen are being investigated. Data from continuing socio-economic and biological research programs are an integral part of the management strategy and will play an important part in the promulgation of future national plans.

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ICRS4
Albaladejo, V.D. and V.T. Corpuz, 1982

A market study of the aquarium fish industry of the Philippines: an assessment of the growth and the mechanisms of the trade.

p. 75-81. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Albaladejo, V.D. and V.T. Corpuz

Year

1982

Title

A market study of the aquarium fish industry of the Philippines: an assessment of the growth and the mechanisms of the trade.

Source

Keywords

Aquarium fish, Export trade, Fishing gears, Resource management, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The study on the present status and trade mechanics of the Philippine Aquarium Fish Industry was conducted on the three major trading areas namely: Bolinao, Pangasinan, Pagbilao, Quezon and Cebu. It aims to establish guidelines for resource management schemes that would ensure the protection and continuous growth of the industry. Interviews were held With collectors, middlemen, and exporters concerning the history and present status of the industry. Inherent problems of the industry are reviewed and recommendations and suggestions as to what resource management policies the BF AR can promulgate to ensure the growth of the industry are presented in this paper. The gill net ("pukot"), the "sebay" or "salap" (a miniature version of the gi1lnet) fish trap ("bubo"), and spear gun ("pana") are among the non-destructive traditional fish-collecting devices that were observed. Another fishcollecting method is the "kapandra" or hookah diving which is used in combination With scoop nets and squirt bottles containing sodium cyanide (NaCN). The use of this chemical is prohibited by law. The effectiveness of these traditional fishing methods were also observed. It appears that further scientific work and educational campaign among the people engaged in this industry on the proper utilization of coral reef as a source of aquarium fishes remain to be done.

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ICRS4
Walter, C., J.N. Pasamonte and L. Talaue, 1982

A preliminary quantitative study on emergence of reef-associated zooplankton from a Philippine coral reef,

p. 443-451. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Walter, C., J.N. Pasamonte and L. Talaue

Year

1982

Title

A preliminary quantitative study on emergence of reef-associated zooplankton from a Philippine coral reef,

Source

Keywords

Zooplankton, Coral reef, Demersal, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Reef zooplankton were collected at Quezon. Philippines for 3 day-night periods using Porter-Porter emergence traps over branching coral patch reefs. Emergence was continuous over 24 h with a peak at 1700-1900 h. Larval forms account for about 25% of all zooplankton. A mean of 53.731 RAZ/m2 were collected at night (1800-0600 h) which corresponds to 55.4% of all zooplankton caught. while 44.6% emerged during the day. Samples were fractionated into 3 size groups t500. 202. 80 Il.ml before counting. The 202 Il.m fraction contained 50% or more of entire catch throughout sampling periods with 4.477:t572 RAZlm2!h and 3.734:t170 RAZlm2!h emerging during night and day. respectively. Cyclopoids dominated all sampllilg periods followed by calanoid and harpacticoid copepods. with a taxonomically diverse assemblage present. Results indicate that zooplankton abundance is higher than reported previously.

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ICRS4
Cairns, S.D. and G.D. Stanley, Jr., 1982

Ahermatypic coral banks: Living and fossil counterparts,

p. 611-618. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Cairns, S.D. and G.D. Stanley, Jr.

Year

1982

Title

Ahermatypic coral banks: Living and fossil counterparts,

Source

Keywords

Ancient reef, Ahermatypic, Coral banks, Deep water, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Reef-like structures referred to as banks are produced by framework-building ahermatypic scleractinians in cool water at various depths. usually below those of hermatypic shallow-water reef corals. The distribution of Holocene banks is closely related to the ecological requirements of the ahermatypic corals. Fifteen major regions of bank development are known today in the Atlantic and Pacific and these banks vary widely in composition and ecological structure- Newly discovered living banks c'Jme from the Subantarctic South Pacific and off the coast of Chile. Emphasis is given to the high faunal content but low coral species diversity as well as the potentially high predation pressures which can exist on these banks. Only eight widely scattered fossil examples are known. These range from Triassic to Tertiary in age and. like living examples. each varies in composition and structure. It is suggested that the earliest scleractinian corals of the Triassic were ahermatypic and that the development of extensive shallow-water coral reefs in post-Triassic time was related to the acquisition of symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae). Caution is urged in the interpretation of all ancient reef-like coral accumulations since deep-water banks can superficially resemble shallow-water reefs. Increasing amounts of new information of Holocene examples can yield considerable insight into recognition of ancient counterparts.

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ICRS4
Konishi, K., 1982

Alcyonarian spiculite: limestone of soft corals,

p. 643-649. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Konishi, K.

Year

1982

Title

Alcyonarian spiculite: limestone of soft corals,

Source

Keywords

Ancient reef, Soft coral, Spicule, Limestone, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Among the spiculate alcyonaceans Isoft corals I, the species of genus Sinularia are so extraordinary in that their basal stalk of the living colony becomes consolidated through submarine cementation of the densely concentrated coenenchymal spicules I=spindlesl and attaches firmly on the substratum. They locally contribute lenticles uniformly composed as thick as a few tens of centimeters which encrust other reef frame-building organisms. It is now known that this peculiar kind of autochthonous solid limestone occurs ubiquitously in the Western Indo-Pacific between the reef front edge shallower than 10 m and the reef flat in both Holocene and Pleistocene reef environments. and probably also in the older geologic columns formed under similar conditions. This limestone, which is described by a new term. 'alcyonarian spiculite'. is of sedimentologic importance for the identification and reconstruction of ancient reef structures.

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ICRS4
Tsien, H.H., 1982

Ancient reefs and reef carbonates,

p. 601-609. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Tsien, H.H.

Year

1982

Title

Ancient reefs and reef carbonates,

Source

Keywords

Ancient reef, Diagenesis, Reef building, Reef development, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The literature concerning reefs and reef problems is extensive. Despite wide interest in reefs, there is still litj tIe agreement among reef specialists on their conception, particularly for ancient reefs which may be strongly modified by diagenesis. This lack of agreement lies mainly in the interpretation of the paleoecological significance of reef-building organisms and associations. Therefore, the key to understanding ancient reefs is to clarify the p&cleoecology of organisms and their role in the construction of a reef. From paleoecological analysis, the reef- building organisms construct carbonates in.five ways: 1. In situ sedentary maBBive organisms form the suppor- ting framework to make framestones. 2. In situ sedentary tabular or laIi1el1ar organisms cover broken skeletons and debris to protect and stabilize them to form coverstones. 3. In situ sedentary branching organisms slow down water movement and allow sediment to settle to form bafflestones. 4. Encrusting organisms encrust or bind broken skeletons and debris together to form bindstones. 5. Floated or stalked skeletal or non-skeletal algae trap, stabilize and support lime muds to form biocementstones. Thus, different organisms find different ways to form carbonates. If these carbonates have the ability to erect rigid wave-resistant topographic structures, they are reefs.

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ICRS4
Wolanski, E., 1982

Aspects of physical oceanography of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon,

p. 375-381. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Wolanski, E.

Year

1982

Title

Aspects of physical oceanography of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon,

Source

Keywords

Oceanography, Circulation, Waves, Tides, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Some water circulation patterns in the Great Barrier Reef that may be of interest to coral reef scientists are: the restriction of direct wind-driven currents around coral reefs to the surface layer; the importance of long shelf waves in driving reversing longshore currents in deeper waters: evaporation over coastal waters and adjoining mangrove swamps driving an inverse estuarine circulation: the rapid dispersion of waters from rivers in flood: a. possible feedback link between the Great Barrier Reef and the mangrove swamps. and the high variability in time and space of currents through reef passages.

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ICRS4
Pauly, D. and J. Ingles, 1982

Aspects of the growth and natural mortality of exploited coral reef fishes,

p. 89-98. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Pauly, D. and J. Ingles

Year

1982

Title

Aspects of the growth and natural mortality of exploited coral reef fishes,

Source

Keywords

Population, Reef fish, Growth, Mortality, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

A newly developed computer-based method for the analysis of length-frequency data (ELEF AN I & II) is ap- plied to data on reef fishes. It is shown that the growth of reef fishes often oscillates seasonally, and that ad- ju~ting for this effect considerably increases the accuracy of growth parameter estimates. This is also confirmed by a re-analysis of tagging data from the Caribbean. Potential causes of natural mortality in reef fishes are discussed in the light of a recently established empirical relationship between natural mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in fishes.

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10.

ICRS4
Scoffin, T.P., 1982

Aspects of the preservation of deep and shallow water reefs,

p. 499-501. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Scoffin, T.P.

Year

1982

Title

Aspects of the preservation of deep and shallow water reefs,

Source

Keywords

Geology, Ancient reef, Growth , Bioerosion, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Reefs and skeletal structures are best preserved in a setting of subsidence where the constructional processes (rapid burial by loose sediment. encrustation by calcareous organisms andcementationrdominate. The destructive processes. hindering preservation in an original growth state. are mechanical breakdown due to water turbulence and skeletal instability. biological breakdown. and skeletal disintegration by biochemical and chemical processes. At depths of 200-400 m in cold waters of the North Atlantic. branching corals grow rigid anastomosing structures. several meters across and one or two meters high. in considerable abundance. Regardless of the dense skeletal structure and the absence of turbulence. these corals break down into sticks that accumulate as lensshaped beds in the ooze. Aphotic bioerosion and skeletal maceration proceed at a rate too fast for the constructional processes to preserve an upright structure. In shallow tropical waters. high supersaturation promotes cementation on reefs creating new solid substrates and steep reef margins. If the solid substrate is exposed for a prolonged period to circulating sea water. bioerosion can transform the internal reef structure. At the same time. mechanical erosion may reduce the steep margin to a fore-reef talus of blocks of cemented reef. The corals best preserved live and die in zones of high sedimentation. This selective preservation can bias the fossil record: tall reefs are rarely preserved as such and ancient reef complexes may retain little of their original form showing in the rocks only small lagoonal or deeper water patches. beds of broken coral branches and talus.

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11.

ICRS4
Pascal, H. and E. Vacelet, 1982

Bacterial utilization of the mucus of the coral reef of Aqaba (Red Sea),

p. 669-677. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Pascal, H. and E. Vacelet

Year

1982

Title

Bacterial utilization of the mucus of the coral reef of Aqaba (Red Sea),

Source

Keywords

Coral mucus, Bacterial growth, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The bacterial utilization of the mucus secreted by two species of the coral reef of Aqaba: Heteroxenia {uscesens and Plarygyra lamellina, was tested by collecting strains from mucus and by following the evolution of the bacterial population of mucus in dialysis tubes. . More than one hundred strains were collected. They were grown in three kinds of media where the only source of carbon was: 11 natural mucus, 21 the main components of mucus: hydrocarbons, (glucose-galactoseglucosamine, galactosamine, arabinose) mixed amino acids, palmitic acid and cetyl alcohol, and 3) peptone. None of the strains is an obligate utwer of mucus, and generally their growth is far better with peptone. In the dialysis tubes filled with the two kinds of mucus, the bacterial population was monitored by means of cultural counts (MPN and plate countsj, direct counts, ATP level, and enzymes screening. The results show that the bacterial growth is slowed down after 2 or 3 days. So, the medium seems to get exhausted or inhibiting quickly. at least for bacterial utilization. Phenomena like cryptic growth were observed later on. Although the number of bacteria in mucus is one order greater than in the environmental water, the mucus is suggested to be more a framework or a net for catching detritus and phytoplankton than a cultural medium for bacteria. Presence of high weighted molecular compounds such as waxes, may explain the difficulty bacteria have in feeding on mucus. However, the mucus production in the reef of Aqaba is poor. and other species of corals must be tested for bacterial utwation.

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12.

ICRS4
Armstrong, R.A., 1982

Changes in a Puerto Rican coral reef from 1936-1979 using aerial photoanalysis,

p. 309-316. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Armstrong, R.A.

Year

1982

Title

Changes in a Puerto Rican coral reef from 1936-1979 using aerial photoanalysis,

Source

Keywords

Remote sensing, Aerial photo, Stress, Tourism, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Panchromatic aerial photographs of Cayo Enrique, La Parguera. Puerto Rico, were obtained for tne years 1936. 1951. 1963, 1971. 1978 and 1979. Enlargements were made to the approximate scale of 1:4000 to different tiate the various reef zones. Features seen in the photographs were substantiated by surface reconnaisance. Rhizophora mangle and Thalassia testudinum areas, measured with a planimeter, showed the maximum varia- tion of all reef zones for a 43.year period. Hurricane effects appear as boulder-rampart formations on the reef flat composed mainly of dead Acropora palmata fragments. Past aerial coverage of coral reefs provides the baseline data needed to assess present-day effects of human interference and natural catastrophes on coral reef ecosystems.

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13.

ICRS4
Frith, C.A., 1982

Circulation in a platform reef lagoon, One Tree Reef, southern Great Barrier Reef,

p. 347-354. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Frith, C.A.

Year

1982

Title

Circulation in a platform reef lagoon, One Tree Reef, southern Great Barrier Reef,

Source

Keywords

Ocanography, Lagoon, Tidal interaction, Water circulation, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

On.e Tree Reef is a lagoonal platform reef located 100 km east of Rockhampton in the Southern Great Barrier Reef:The circulation of lagoon water is determined by the interaction between wind. swell waves. tides and the reef morphology. The lagOon is isolated from the surrounding oceanic waters for about half of each tide cycle by a continuous reef crest. The dominant southeast wind and swell regimes drive the surface currents. except on the leeward edge where flow reversals occur with each tide. During the period of tidal interaction wind and swell generate an overall southeast to northwest movement at all depths. which is modified by the superimposed tidal currents. During the extended slackwater period. winds greater than 4 mls (measured 1.6 m above water level) generate surface currents which are balanced by a weak bottom return flow. particularly on the eastern side where patch reef density is lowest. The variation in crest height around the lagoon modifies the circulation pattern at specific locations. by blocking and directing flows and shortening the length of time for tidal interaction in the lee of the higher crest regions. The relative importance of winds. tides and swell in driving circulation is found to vary within a tidal cycle and from neap to spring tides. whereas for large. deep Pacific atolls. these forces vary seasnnally with the migration of the Trade wind belts.

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14.

ICRS4
Atkinson, M., S.V. Smith and E.D. Stroup, 1982

Circulation in Enewetak Atoll Lagoon,

p. 335-338. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Atkinson, M., S.V. Smith and E.D. Stroup

Year

1982

Title

Circulation in Enewetak Atoll Lagoon,

Source

Keywords

Physical oceanography, Currents, Residence time, Upwelling, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Current measurements at Enewetak Atoll. Marshall Islands. were made on the reef margins, in the channels, and in the lagoon. Lagoon circulation is dominated by wind-driven downwind surface flow and an upwind middepth return flow. This wind-driven flow has the characteristics of an Ekman spiral in an enclosed area. Lagoon flushing is accomplished primarily by surf-driven water input over the windward (eastern I reefs and southerly drift out the South Channel. Mean water residence time in the lagoon is one month, while water entering the northern portion of the atoll takes about four months to exit. Upwelling on the windward sides of deep atoll lagoons does not appear to be a general feature of lagoon circulation.

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15.

ICRS4
Birkeland, C. and T.L. Smalley, 1982

Comparison of demersal plankton from comparable substrata from a high island and an atoll,

p. 437-442. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Birkeland, C. and T.L. Smalley

Year

1982

Title

Comparison of demersal plankton from comparable substrata from a high island and an atoll,

Source

Keywords

Plankton, Demersal plankton, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Replicate samples of demersal plankton were taken over comparable substrata (Porites lobata and filamentous algal turf) from the lagoon surrounding a high island (Mooreal and from the lagoon of an atoll (Takapotol in French Polynesia. Despite the large variance between replicates, and usually no significant variance between habitats within a lagoon, harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepoda were significantly more abundant in samples from the high island lagoon than from the atoll lagoon. On the barrier reef at the high island, the abundance of demersal plankton associated with the algal turf decreased along a gradient across the barrier reef from the open ocean to the lagoonal channel. There was no such decrease along the same gradient in samples taken concurrently over Porites lobata. The coefficient of variance (CV) from algal turf samples across a gradient was significantly greater than the CV from Porites lobata samples. The abundance of demersal plankton was compared between samples taken over algal turf on limestone pavement and over 4 species of coral of varying structural complexity. Demersal zooplankton was generally more abundant over the algal turf. but different taxa were found in greatest abundance on different substrata. Friedman's method for randomized blocks showed that there was no particular tendency of demersal zooplankton to be found in greater abundance over coral spe--ies of greater structural complexity.

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16.

ICRS4
Sudara, S., 1982

Conditions of the coral reef in Thailand and the potential usage in the future,

p. 209-211. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Sudara, S.

Year

1982

Title

Conditions of the coral reef in Thailand and the potential usage in the future,

Source

Keywords

Reef degradation, Stresses, Conservation, Tourism, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Major contributions to the deterioration of the coral reef in the Thai waters are: the mining activities both inland and offshore, illegal dynalnite fishing, bottom trawling, coral collecting, industrial and domestic pollution. . Each factor can cause intensive coral damage in its own way, therefore the problem in one area will not be the same as others. Preventive measures for each factor causing deteriorating conditions should be developed. Certain areas should be conserved for future use not only for the conservation of nature or for fisheries but for tourism as well.

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17.

ICRS4
Zell L.D., 1982

Constraints for management and interpretive activities on the Great Barrier Reef,

p. 235-241. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Zell L.D.

Year

1982

Title

Constraints for management and interpretive activities on the Great Barrier Reef,

Source

Keywords

Resource management, Tourism, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Tourism is placing greater demands on coral reefs as sites for visitor activities. Factors constraining development of these sites are discussed.

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18.

ICRS4
Bunt, J.S., W.T. Williams and B.E. Chalker, 1982

Coral associations at depths of 45 to 125 feet in the Bahamian Region,

p. 707-714. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Bunt, J.S., W.T. Williams and B.E. Chalker

Year

1982

Title

Coral associations at depths of 45 to 125 feet in the Bahamian Region,

Source

Keywords

Corals, Species list, Coral community, Status, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

An analysis has been made of forty-six line transects on coral reefs at depths of 45 to 125 it at various locations from Florida through the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands to Haiti. Benthic species recorded include twenty-eight species of scleractinian corals. twenty-seven species of gorgonians. sixty-nin~ sponges. and the hydrozoan. Millepora alcicornis. Analyses of the data established that (i) the area. as a whole. is remarkably homogeneous. but that (ii! Long Reef. off the Florida coast, appears to be faunistically richer than the general Bahamian area. and (iiit there is a faunistic difference between those islands which are, and those which are not. close to the interface between the Bahamian plateau and th.e Atlantic Ocean.

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19.

ICRS4
Taylor, F.W., C. Jouannic, L. Gilpin and A.L. Bloom, 1982

Coral colonies as monitors of change in relative level of the land and sea: applications to vertical tectonism,

p. 484-492. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Taylor, F.W., C. Jouannic, L. Gilpin and A.L. Bloom

Year

1982

Title

Coral colonies as monitors of change in relative level of the land and sea: applications to vertical tectonism,

Source

Keywords

Tectonics, Coral colonies, Seismic uplift, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Coral colonies living in very shallow water often act as precise recorders of changes in relative level of land and sea. On the Vanuatu (New Hebrides) islands of Santo and Malekula. corals recorded (1) the geographic extent and amount of seismic uplift and (2) the years in which three formerly unreported seismic uplifts occurred. The amount and extent of uplift were determined by measuring the difference in level between dead emerged and the highest living corals of the same species. The number of annual-type skeletal growth bands accreted since partial emergence of coral heads revealed the years in which uplift occurred. North West Santo uplifted in 1974 ::t 1 yr. probably in association with large earthquakes in December-January 1973.74. South Santo uplifted in both 1966 ::t 1 yr and 1972 :t yr. These uplifts were probably associaLed with large earthquakes in i\uguSL. 196.5 and October 1971. Coral studies. in conjunction with tiltmeters and precise leveling in the context of seismicity and neotec. tonics. can be a powerful tool for documenting vertical crustal movements. From these movements. one may infer details about the seismic ruptures, how lithospheric plates interact. and the role of this interaction in tectonic evolution of the earth.s crust.

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20.

ICRS4
Grigg, R.W., 1982

Coral reef development at high latitudes in Hawaii,

p. 687-693. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Grigg, R.W.

Year

1982

Title

Coral reef development at high latitudes in Hawaii,

Source

Keywords

Reef development, Growth, Carbonate production, High latitude reef, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

In the HawaiianArchipelagorates ofcoral carbonateproductionandreefdevelopmentsteadilydeclinewith increasinglatitude. The maximumrate occursat the southeasternend of the chainwheremeangrosscarbonate productionis 15.0kglm2lyr.The mininlumrate occursat the northwesternextremewheremeangrosscarbonate productionis 0.3kgim2lyr. An analysisof the effectsof light andtemperatureoncoral growth showsthat light andtemperaturearehighlycorrelated(r = 0.961and that while light hadnoeffect.byitself. light andtemperat)1re in combinationaccountfor 54%of the variability in calcification.Temperaturealoneaccountedfor 14~oof the variability. The geologicalhistory of the archipelagoshowsthat the rate of carbonateproductionat the north. westernendis just sufficient to offset erosionand subsidenceand hencerepresentsa thresholdfor atoll formai tion inthe Hawaiianregion.At this threshold.coralsmayaccountfor only 20-60%of Holocenecarbonateproduc. tionand maybemoreimportant asbuildersof frameworkrather than producersof limestone.

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21.

ICRS4
Grigg, R.W., 1982

Coral reef resource management: a five-year research program in the Hawaiian Archipelago,

p. 243-246. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Grigg, R.W.

Year

1982

Title

Coral reef resource management: a five-year research program in the Hawaiian Archipelago,

Source

Keywords

Resource management, Research, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

In 1977. the United States passed the Fishery Conservation and Management Act which extended jurisdic- tion over" fisheries to 200 miles. In response to this legislation the State of Hawaii. in cooperation with the U.S. . Fish and Wildlife Service. the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Sea Grant College at the University of Hawaii, entered into a five-year cooperative agreement to assess the fishery resources of the archipelago and to develop management plans for preserving unique wildlife and conserving commercially important species. :\pproximately 26 research projects are currently underway which touch on all trophic levels of a variety of reef and oceanic ecosystems. Ecosystem modeling, resource economics and institutional socia-politics are also topics of research. The cost of the program is approximately one million dollars per year. It is widely recognized by fishery biologists and ecologists that before coral reef ecosystems can be effectively managed, large scale multidisciplinary studies of this sort will be necessary. This study represents the first attempt to develop a management paradigm for an island archipelago and to model a representative island ecosystem. As such. this study may serve as a model fur other countries faced with managing coral reef resources. Initial planning, research design. administration and preliminary findings of the program are described.

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22.

ICRS4
Antonius, A., 1982

Coral reefs under fire (Abstract).

p. 1. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J. A. Marsh Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author	Antonius, A.

Year	1982

Title	Coral reefs under fire (Abstract).

Source	p. 1. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J. A. Marsh Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Keywords	Assessment, Reef health, Stresses, Bombing range, ICRS4

Caption	Hard copies of this symposium proceedings may be purchased from The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez St., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Tel: (63 2) 922-3959 Fax: (63 2) 924-7678 msi.publications@upmsi.ph ========================================

Abstract

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23.

ICRS4
Stoddart, D.R., 1982

Coral reefs: the coming crisis.

p. 33-36. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Stoddart, D.R.

Year

1982

Title

Coral reefs: the coming crisis.

Source

Keywords

icrs4

Caption

Abstract

Until recent years, man utilised coral reefs in a small:scale manner by harvesting food and craft materials; only locally did such activities have a severe environmental impact. Beginning with World War II, however, the deleterious effects of human activities intensified, broadened in scale, and changed in nature. Excessive harvesting using unselective methods, widespread pollution of many different kinds, and the massive spread of tourism have resulted in the deterioration of many reefs and the destruction of some. Various strategies for limiting such effects on both the national and intemationallevels are reviewed, and the criteria employed in reef i conservation are examine. These changes in the reef environment have coincided with a ch':lnging emphasis in reef studies themselves, WIth expeditionary work increasingly giVIng way to laboratory studies and longer-term interdisciplinary projects. Reef scientists must determine their research priorities in the light of the rapidly expanding impact of man on coral reefs.

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24.

ICRS4
Venkataramanujam, R., Santhanam, R. and N. Sukumaram, 1982

Coral resources of Tuticorin (S. India) and methods of their conservation,

p. 259-262. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Venkataramanujam, R., Santhanam, R. and N. Sukumaram

Year

1982

Title

Coral resources of Tuticorin (S. India) and methods of their conservation,

Source

Keywords

Reef resources, Corals, Conservation, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

An investigation on the coral resources of Tuticorin was undertaken for a period of one year (April '79 to March '801. A total of 20 species of corals were found distributed along the reefs and islands lying off the coast. It is estimated that 10,000 tons of lime is manufactured annually by burning mainly species of Acropora in kilns. About 400 people are employed daily in the coral lime industries of this area and a sum of Rs.0.4 to 1.0 million is being generated annually, Massive species of corals like Pavia spp. and Porites spp. are also exploited and are used as building blocks and in the construction of roads. The over exploitation of the corals for the manufacture of lime and as building blocks, and its effects on the local fisheries and islands of this area are discussed. The probable measures for the conservation of these commercially important resources are also dealt with.

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25.

ICRS4
MacIntyre, I.G., R.B. Burke and R. Stuckenrath, 1982

Core holes in the outer fore reef off Carrie Bow Cay, Belize: A key to the Holocene history of the Belizean Barrier Reef Complex,

p. 565-574. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

MacIntyre, I.G., R.B. Burke and R. Stuckenrath

Year

1982

Title

Core holes in the outer fore reef off Carrie Bow Cay, Belize: A key to the Holocene history of the Belizean Barrier Reef Complex,

Source

Keywords

Geomorphology, Geology, Holocene, Core, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

A Holocene age for the ridge system that extends discontinuously along the outer edge of the barrier reef platform off Belize, C.A., has been established from three core holes drilled in water depths of 12-16 m on a section of this ridge off Carrie Bow Cay. Unlike other shelf-edge accumulations in the Caribbean that are known to be formed of Pleistocene or early Holocene shallow-water relict reefs. the outer ridge off Belize has been constructed by late Holocene. deeper water (12-20 m) coral communities. Cores from two holes on the ridge crest (drilled to 11.6 and 3.6 m below the surface of the reef) and from one core hole on the shoreward flank (drilled to 6,9 m) contain a coral-head facies that in upper sections (2.3 m) grades into a facies dominated by Acropora cervicornis. Present-day communities at varying depths on this ridge show a similar transition at water depths of about 15 to 18 m. Eight radiocarbon dates indicate that the coral.head facies accumulated at rates of 1.4 to 8.3 m/l000 yrs. and that the Acropora cervicornis, which became dominant in the study area about 1,000 to 2,000 yrs B.P.. ac. cumulated at rates of 1.1 to 2.1 m/l000 yrs. The unusually high accumulation rates for the coral-head facies and observations of present-day coral growth in the fore-reef indicate that deeper water coral-head communities are capable of building impressive biohermal features in depths of 15 to 25 m. The slow accumulation of A. cervicornis may be related to the transport of this fragile coral during storms into a trough shoreward of the ridge; the presence of such an off-ridge drape is supported by a modem date obtained for a coral 2.2 m below the reef surface of the leeward slope of this ridge. Late Holocene reef growth of the outer barrier reef is characterized by both vertical framework construction in the fore reef and lateral sediment migration in the back reef.

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