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Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 1981
The Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium was conducted by the Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, from 18-22 May 1981. The theme chosen for the Manila symposium was "The Reef and Man" as coral reefs are an important marine resource exploited by the local populations for their sustenance and livelihood. Emphasis was given to coral reef management, fisheries, and environmental stress, in addition to the more traditional areas.

A total of 275 papers were presented, some 50 of which were on resource management and environmental impacts. The symposium was attended by approximately 350 participants and 250 observers, with sizeable group of Russian and People's Republic of China scientists present for the first time.

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ICRS4
Muzik, K.M., 1982

A biolominescent octocoral from Hawaii,

p. 756. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines. (abstract)

Author	Muzik, K.M.

Year	1982

Title	A biolominescent octocoral from Hawaii,

Source	p. 756. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines. (abstract)

Keywords	Taxonomy, Octocoral, New species, Diversity, ICRS4

Caption	Hard copies of this symposium proceedings may be purchased from The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez St., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Tel: (63 2) 922-3959 Fax: (63 2) 924-7678 msi.publications@upmsi.ph ========================================

Abstract	Lepidisis olapa Muzik is a species of gorgonian (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) growing in deep water off Oahu, Hawaii. Living colonies observed during submarine dives were luminescent when mechanically stimulated. Although common in the order Pennatulacea, luminescence is apparently unusual in the order Gorgonacea, and has never before been observed in colonies in their natural environment.

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ICRS4
Tilmant, J.T. and G.P. Schmahl, 1982

A comparative analysis of coral damage on recreationally used reefs within Biscayne National Park, Florida,

p. 187-192. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Tilmant, J.T. and G.P. Schmahl

Year

1982

Title

A comparative analysis of coral damage on recreationally used reefs within Biscayne National Park, Florida,

Source

Keywords

Damaged reefs, Tourism, Marine parks, ICRS4

Caption

Hard copies of this symposium proceedings may be purchased from The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez St., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Tel: (63 2) 922-3959 Fax: (63 2) 924-7678 msi.publications@upmsi.ph ========================================

Abstract

A three-year study of coral patch reefs documented the incidence of physical damage to corals in relation to human use. Four bouyed patch reefs were compared to a similar set of four unmarked reefs. Eight repetitive 30 min systematic swims. conducted seasonally at each study reef, revealed mean incidences of damage ranging from 35 to 140 corals/count. Significant differences were not observed on less used unmarked reefs in most cases. Octocorallia comprised over 85% of the total damage observed. This coincided with the approximate proportion of that groups' occurrence in the coral community. Scleractinia averaged less than 5% of the total damage which was consistently less than their proportional occurrence. Annual visitation ranged from 3400 to 3600 persons on the bouyed reefs studied. The most frequent recreational activities observed were snorkeling and spearfishing, Natural wave action and substrate erosion were believed to account for the vast majority of coral damage encountered. Natural damage masked specific incidence of damage by swimmers or boaters. General boat operation in the area studied was found to be seriously affecting individual large colonies due to groundings.

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ICRS4
Talbot, F.H. and A.J. Gilbert, 1982

A comparison of quantitative samples of coral reef fishes latitudinally and longitudinally in the Indo-West Pacific,

p. 485-490. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Talbot, F.H. and A.J. Gilbert

Year

1982

Title

A comparison of quantitative samples of coral reef fishes latitudinally and longitudinally in the Indo-West Pacific,

Source

Keywords

Reef fish, Diversity, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

A comparison is made between quantitative samples of fishes from coral reef areas of leeward outer slopes from 5°,14°,23° an,d 31 ° South Latitude along the East Australian coast. The first three show no significant differences for number of individuals per sample or number of species per sample. Samples from the coral slopes at Lord Howe Island (31 OS) showed no differences in numbers of individuals, but were significantly lower in species numbers from each of the other three sites. Diversity (H") is also compared. A comparison of samples from all habitats of one of these sites (One Tree Island Reef, 23°S) is made with samples from East Africa (Tutia Reef, S OS) the latter having a much smaller species pool. No significant difference is found for number of individuals or number of species per sample, or for diversity.

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ICRS4
McIntosh, G.S., Jr., 1982

A concept for artificial reefs as fishery management tools in the United States,

p. 99-103. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

McIntosh, G.S., Jr.

Year

1982

Title

A concept for artificial reefs as fishery management tools in the United States,

Source

Keywords

Management, Fishery, Artificial reef, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The construction and use of artificial reefs in fishery resource management is receiving attention in the United States. The United States Government, through its Departments of Interior and Commerce, is probing the efficacy of using obsolete offshore oil and gas production platforms as artificial reefs. This effort is undertaken in close cooperation with the private sector (offshore oil and gas industry) and the Gulf of Mexico coastal states. Development of criteria to maintain equity between the donor and the recipient states as well as measurement of the needs of both recreational and commercial fishermen are being investigated. Data from continuing socio-economic and biological research programs are an integral part of the management strategy and will play an important part in the promulgation of future national plans.

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ICRS4
Richard, G., 1982

A first evaluation of the findings on the growth and production of lagoon and reef moluscs in French Polynesia,

p. 637-641. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Richard, G.

Year

1982

Title

A first evaluation of the findings on the growth and production of lagoon and reef moluscs in French Polynesia,

Source

Keywords

Mariculture, Molluscs, Growth rate, Invertebrates, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

In the Takapoto lagoon (north Tuamotu), the individual measurements in situ of 150 T. maxima reveal a very sl~~ gro~h rate, as the equation of von Bertalanffy shows: Lt = 124.33 (1 -@.26T). In the whole lagoon, 14 million gIant clams represent 530 tons of living matter, corresponding to a theoretical production of 12 kg per hectare per year. In the Takapoto lagoon the bivalve Arca ventricosa was studied (38.5 million individuals -340 tons of living matter). In situ measurements taken in 1977 revealed another very slow growth: Lt = 103 (1 -0.94T). In the ~naa lagoon (west ~~motu) the population of Cardium (ragum is.estimated at 600 million individuals correspondmg to 2200 tons of liVIng matter. Growth fits the foIlowmg equatlon: Lt = 40 (1 -~.48). This enables us to estimate the maxiInum theoretical production of 1.4 ton of meat per hectare per year. On the outer reefs of Hao (Central Tuamotu), it takes 5 years for Tectarium grandinatus to reach 3 cm in size, which gives it a growth rate somewhere between Tridacna's and Cardium's: Lt = 34.09 (1 -eo.25 T).

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ICRS4
Albaladejo, V.D. and V.T. Corpuz, 1982

A market study of the aquarium fish industry of the Philippines: an assessment of the growth and the mechanisms of the trade.

p. 75-81. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Albaladejo, V.D. and V.T. Corpuz

Year

1982

Title

A market study of the aquarium fish industry of the Philippines: an assessment of the growth and the mechanisms of the trade.

Source

Keywords

Aquarium fish, Export trade, Fishing gears, Resource management, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The study on the present status and trade mechanics of the Philippine Aquarium Fish Industry was conducted on the three major trading areas namely: Bolinao, Pangasinan, Pagbilao, Quezon and Cebu. It aims to establish guidelines for resource management schemes that would ensure the protection and continuous growth of the industry. Interviews were held With collectors, middlemen, and exporters concerning the history and present status of the industry. Inherent problems of the industry are reviewed and recommendations and suggestions as to what resource management policies the BF AR can promulgate to ensure the growth of the industry are presented in this paper. The gill net ("pukot"), the "sebay" or "salap" (a miniature version of the gi1lnet) fish trap ("bubo"), and spear gun ("pana") are among the non-destructive traditional fish-collecting devices that were observed. Another fishcollecting method is the "kapandra" or hookah diving which is used in combination With scoop nets and squirt bottles containing sodium cyanide (NaCN). The use of this chemical is prohibited by law. The effectiveness of these traditional fishing methods were also observed. It appears that further scientific work and educational campaign among the people engaged in this industry on the proper utilization of coral reef as a source of aquarium fishes remain to be done.

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ICRS4
Zou, R.L., 1982

A mathematical model of the hermatypic coral community of the Xisha Islands, Guangdong Province, China,

p. 329-331. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Zou, R.L.

Year

1982

Title

A mathematical model of the hermatypic coral community of the Xisha Islands, Guangdong Province, China,

Source

Keywords

Mathematical model, Coral biomass, Multiple linear regression, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Regression models have been used in few quantitative coral reef studies. The present paper employs multiple linear regression using a stepwise techniqtre to generate a sub-model of the coral reef ecosystem. In the model the total biomass of corals on a particular reef is predicted at a statistically significant level from the component biomasses of a subset of the coral species. The technique also ranks the species in terms of their contribution to this prediction. Regression equations were established for Zhongjian Island and Zhaoshu Island of the Xishi Islands.

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ICRS4
Walter, C., J.N. Pasamonte and L. Talaue, 1982

A preliminary quantitative study on emergence of reef-associated zooplankton from a Philippine coral reef,

p. 443-451. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Walter, C., J.N. Pasamonte and L. Talaue

Year

1982

Title

A preliminary quantitative study on emergence of reef-associated zooplankton from a Philippine coral reef,

Source

Keywords

Zooplankton, Coral reef, Demersal, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Reef zooplankton were collected at Quezon. Philippines for 3 day-night periods using Porter-Porter emergence traps over branching coral patch reefs. Emergence was continuous over 24 h with a peak at 1700-1900 h. Larval forms account for about 25% of all zooplankton. A mean of 53.731 RAZ/m2 were collected at night (1800-0600 h) which corresponds to 55.4% of all zooplankton caught. while 44.6% emerged during the day. Samples were fractionated into 3 size groups t500. 202. 80 Il.ml before counting. The 202 Il.m fraction contained 50% or more of entire catch throughout sampling periods with 4.477:t572 RAZlm2!h and 3.734:t170 RAZlm2!h emerging during night and day. respectively. Cyclopoids dominated all sampllilg periods followed by calanoid and harpacticoid copepods. with a taxonomically diverse assemblage present. Results indicate that zooplankton abundance is higher than reported previously.

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ICRS4
Ross, M. and G. Hodgson, 1982

A quantitative study of hermatypic coral diversity and zonation at Apo Reef, Mindoro, Philippines,

p. 281-291. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Ross, M. and G. Hodgson

Year

1982

Title

A quantitative study of hermatypic coral diversity and zonation at Apo Reef, Mindoro, Philippines,

Source

Keywords

Corals, Zonation, Diversity, Hermatypic corals, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The leeward fringing reef of Apo Island was subjectively divided into seven biotopes from the shoreward margin to 35 m depth, Using scuba, one 300 m transect was placed along the depth contour corresponding to the central axis of each biotope. and then point-sampled every 0.5 m. One hundred and ninety-seven species in 41 genera of hermatypic corals were sampled. The species-colony curve is used to define an adequate sample size. On the basis of differences in species composition, growth form and diversity levels, the reef was divided into two major communities, the reef flat and the outer reef slope, separated by a transition biotope, the reef crest. The reef flat is characterized by a low species diversity and the dominance of ramose species, apparently well adapted to strong abiotic and biotic stress. The outer reef slope is characterized by a high species diversity and the predominance of plate and encrusting growth forms. Below 15 m, decreasing light, and substrate effects appear to decrease species diversity.

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10.

ICRS4
Nash, W. and L.D. Zell, 1982

Acanthaster on the Great Barrier Reef: distribution on five transects between 14·S and 18·S,

p. 601-605. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Nash, W. and L.D. Zell

Year

1982

Title

Acanthaster on the Great Barrier Reef: distribution on five transects between 14·S and 18·S,

Source

Keywords

Acanthaster, Survey, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Forty-nine reefs between 14°8 and 18°8 on the Great Barrier Reef were surveyed using the "manta tow" technique. Large Acanthaster planci populations were recorded on four reefs and several showed evidence of recent A. planci damage.

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11.

ICRS4
Glynn, P.W., 1982

Acanthaster population regulation by a shrimp and a worm,

p. 607-612. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Glynn, P.W.

Year

1982

Title

Acanthaster population regulation by a shrimp and a worm,

Source

Keywords

Acanthaster, Shrimp predation, Polychaete predation, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The abundance of the sea star Acanthaster on a Pocillopora reef in the eastern Pacific (Panama) has remained relatively stable, ranging from about 7 to 30 individuals per hectare over the past decade (1970-1980). Periodic removal of adult sea stars from the reef demonstrated a median immigration rate of 1.5 adults per month. A shrimp, Hymenocerq, and a polychaetous annelid, Pherecardia, frequently attack and kill adult Acanthaster. Hymenocera typically wounds the aboral surface or amputates an arm by picking and tearing with its chelae in order to exposed and feed on the sea star's internal soft parts. Pherecardia are attracted to and enter the sea star through openings produced by the shrimp and also feed on the internal soft parts. At any given time, 5-6% of the sea star population is under attack by Hymenocera and about one-half of these sea stars are killed in 3-weeks (after continuous feeding by the shrimp). About 0.6% of the sea stars are attacked simultaneously by shrimp and worms, resulting in the death of all sea stars so assaulted in 1 week's time. The population size (N) of adult Acanthaster is expressed as a function of adult immigration (I) and mortality (M) as follows, dN/dt = I -MN From observed immigration and mortality rates, the number of sea stars predicted on the reef in the limiting case is 30, a value in fair agreement with the median abundance of 22 Acanthaster observed over a 3-year period (1976-1978). Highly reticulated pocilloporid reefs offer shelter to shrimp and worm predators which appear to limit a buildup in the numbers of A can thaster. Moreover, juvenile Acanthaster probably seldom recruit into this kind of reef in large numbers because these predators are also effective in locating and killing small sea stars.

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12.

ICRS4
Grigg, R.W., 1982

Acropora in Hawaii: A case of colonization, extirpation and recolonization,

p. 375. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines. (abstract

Author	Grigg, R.W.

Year	1982

Title	Acropora in Hawaii: A case of colonization, extirpation and recolonization,

Source	p. 375. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines. (abstract

Keywords	Biogeography, Ancient reef, Colonization, Recruitment, ICRS4

Caption	Hard copies of this symposium proceedings may be purchased from The Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Velasquez St., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Tel: (63 2) 922-3959 Fax: (63 2) 924-7678 msi.publications@upmsi.ph ========================================

Abstract	Acropora was present in Hawaii during the Miocene but disappeared from the geological record during the Pleistocene. In the present (Holocene), Acropora appears to be in the process of recolonizing the archipelago. Three species have been found. all with centers of distribution in the middle of the chain at French Frigate Shoals. The history of the Hawaiian Archipelago shows that original colonization of Acropora in the Miocene or earlier must have been by larval dispersal. Following Pleistocene extinction. recolonization appears to be underway by way of larval disperal from Johnston Atoll via the subtropical counter-current. In Hawaii, no evidence of sexual reproduction has been found. hence. large scale patterns of abundance may depend entirely on recruitment from outside the archipelago.

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13.

ICRS4
Titlyanov, E.A., 1982

Adaptation of reef-building corals to low light intensity,

p. 39-43. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Titlyanov, E.A.

Year

1982

Title

Adaptation of reef-building corals to low light intensity,

Source

Keywords

Photosynthesis, Irradiance, Bathymetry, Adaptation, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

It is shown that coral adaptation to low light intensity is realized through interrelated reactions in the coralz,zoxanthe.llae complex. Zooxanthellae concentration in corals as well as the content of all photosynthetic pI~ents m zoox:anthellae cells and the concentration of thylakoid membranes in their chloroplasts increases; the n.atlve state of pIgments changes -mostly long-wave forms of chlorophyll-a and peridinin are accumulated. Efficlencyof energy transport between molecules of peridinin and chlorophyll-a as well as efficiency of utilization of absorbed light increases. Coral adaptation to shading in shallow waters and to low light intensity at great depths is realized through the same adaptive mechanisms.

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14.

ICRS4
Cairns, S.D. and G.D. Stanley, Jr., 1982

Ahermatypic coral banks: Living and fossil counterparts,

p. 611-618. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Cairns, S.D. and G.D. Stanley, Jr.

Year

1982

Title

Ahermatypic coral banks: Living and fossil counterparts,

Source

Keywords

Ancient reef, Ahermatypic, Coral banks, Deep water, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Reef-like structures referred to as banks are produced by framework-building ahermatypic scleractinians in cool water at various depths. usually below those of hermatypic shallow-water reef corals. The distribution of Holocene banks is closely related to the ecological requirements of the ahermatypic corals. Fifteen major regions of bank development are known today in the Atlantic and Pacific and these banks vary widely in composition and ecological structure- Newly discovered living banks c'Jme from the Subantarctic South Pacific and off the coast of Chile. Emphasis is given to the high faunal content but low coral species diversity as well as the potentially high predation pressures which can exist on these banks. Only eight widely scattered fossil examples are known. These range from Triassic to Tertiary in age and. like living examples. each varies in composition and structure. It is suggested that the earliest scleractinian corals of the Triassic were ahermatypic and that the development of extensive shallow-water coral reefs in post-Triassic time was related to the acquisition of symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae). Caution is urged in the interpretation of all ancient reef-like coral accumulations since deep-water banks can superficially resemble shallow-water reefs. Increasing amounts of new information of Holocene examples can yield considerable insight into recognition of ancient counterparts.

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15.

ICRS4
Konishi, K., 1982

Alcyonarian spiculite: limestone of soft corals,

p. 643-649. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Konishi, K.

Year

1982

Title

Alcyonarian spiculite: limestone of soft corals,

Source

Keywords

Ancient reef, Soft coral, Spicule, Limestone, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Among the spiculate alcyonaceans Isoft corals I, the species of genus Sinularia are so extraordinary in that their basal stalk of the living colony becomes consolidated through submarine cementation of the densely concentrated coenenchymal spicules I=spindlesl and attaches firmly on the substratum. They locally contribute lenticles uniformly composed as thick as a few tens of centimeters which encrust other reef frame-building organisms. It is now known that this peculiar kind of autochthonous solid limestone occurs ubiquitously in the Western Indo-Pacific between the reef front edge shallower than 10 m and the reef flat in both Holocene and Pleistocene reef environments. and probably also in the older geologic columns formed under similar conditions. This limestone, which is described by a new term. 'alcyonarian spiculite'. is of sedimentologic importance for the identification and reconstruction of ancient reef structures.

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16.

ICRS4
Vacelet, J., 1982

Algal-sponge symbioses in the coral reefs of New Caledonia: a morphological study,

p. 713-719. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Vacelet, J.

Year

1982

Title

Algal-sponge symbioses in the coral reefs of New Caledonia: a morphological study,

Source

Keywords

Ecology, Sponge, Production, Zooxanthellae, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Many species of sponges in the coral reefs of Noumea harbour symbiotic algae. Some of them, which are prominent species of the lagoon and may significantly contribute to its production, are studied at the ultrastructural level. Four types of algal-sponge associations are found: 1) Association with unicellular cyanobacteria. This association seems to be similar to those previously described and is not studied here. 2) Association with a multicellular cyanobacterium. This is studied in a keratose sponge, PhyUospongia dendyi. The cyanobacterium lives in the central part of this lamellar sponge; it is usually intercellular, but is mostly in close contact with the sponge cells and is sometimes within large cellular vacuoles. 31 Dinoflagellate zooxanthellae, which in the Porifera were known to occur only in Mediterranean and Caribbean clionids, are found in an encrusting clionid, which spreads on and bores in large areas of dead coral heads in the lagoon. They are found also in two species hitherto classified in the family Spirastrellidae, but which actually have a boring basal part and are to be considered as massive forms of clionids. The zooxanthellae are enclosed in sponge cells (archeocytes). A surprising fact is that, while in scleractinian corals zooxanthellae have been shown to enhance calcification, in sponges zooxanthellae are found only in calcium carbonate-destroying species. This point is discussed in the light of current ideas on the mechanisms linking photosynthesis and calcification in her- matypic corals. 41 The Haplosclerid Gellius cymiformis is intimately associated with an alga, the thallus of which is used as a support by the sponge. This compound organism is in certain places the most common "alga" of the sandy substrata in the lagoon.

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17.

ICRS4
Tsien, H.H., 1982

Ancient reefs and reef carbonates,

p. 601-609. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Tsien, H.H.

Year

1982

Title

Ancient reefs and reef carbonates,

Source

Keywords

Ancient reef, Diagenesis, Reef building, Reef development, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The literature concerning reefs and reef problems is extensive. Despite wide interest in reefs, there is still litj tIe agreement among reef specialists on their conception, particularly for ancient reefs which may be strongly modified by diagenesis. This lack of agreement lies mainly in the interpretation of the paleoecological significance of reef-building organisms and associations. Therefore, the key to understanding ancient reefs is to clarify the p&cleoecology of organisms and their role in the construction of a reef. From paleoecological analysis, the reef- building organisms construct carbonates in.five ways: 1. In situ sedentary maBBive organisms form the suppor- ting framework to make framestones. 2. In situ sedentary tabular or laIi1el1ar organisms cover broken skeletons and debris to protect and stabilize them to form coverstones. 3. In situ sedentary branching organisms slow down water movement and allow sediment to settle to form bafflestones. 4. Encrusting organisms encrust or bind broken skeletons and debris together to form bindstones. 5. Floated or stalked skeletal or non-skeletal algae trap, stabilize and support lime muds to form biocementstones. Thus, different organisms find different ways to form carbonates. If these carbonates have the ability to erect rigid wave-resistant topographic structures, they are reefs.

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18.

ICRS4
Wolanski, E., 1982

Aspects of physical oceanography of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon,

p. 375-381. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Wolanski, E.

Year

1982

Title

Aspects of physical oceanography of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon,

Source

Keywords

Oceanography, Circulation, Waves, Tides, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Some water circulation patterns in the Great Barrier Reef that may be of interest to coral reef scientists are: the restriction of direct wind-driven currents around coral reefs to the surface layer; the importance of long shelf waves in driving reversing longshore currents in deeper waters: evaporation over coastal waters and adjoining mangrove swamps driving an inverse estuarine circulation: the rapid dispersion of waters from rivers in flood: a. possible feedback link between the Great Barrier Reef and the mangrove swamps. and the high variability in time and space of currents through reef passages.

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19.

ICRS4
Sorokin, Y.I., 1982

Aspects of the biomass, feeding and metabolism of the common corals of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia.

p. 27-32. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Sorokin, Y.I.

Year

1982

Title

Aspects of the biomass, feeding and metabolism of the common corals of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia.

Source

Keywords

Corals, Biomass, Feeding, Metabolism, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The biomass of polyps and zooxanthellae, the rates of photosynthesis and respiration, and the rates of heterotrophic feeding (suspension feeding, consumption of DOM and predation) were evaluated in 27 common coral species of the Great Barrier Reef. The total content of Corg in corals varied within 1-7%. The greater content of Corg was found in the corals Montipora and Porites; the biomass of polyps in those corals comprised only 10% of total C ; in other coral species this value varied between 25 to 40%. In general the parameters of the biomass of polypso~~d zooxanthellae as well as the metabolic and feeding rates in corals appear to be amazingly constant in most coral species investigated and are independent of taxonomic position or size of the polyps. Among these parameters are the biomass of polyps per g of dry weight of coral colony (4-8 mg C g-I), the ratios of biomass of zooxanthellae to the biomass of polyps (0. 6-1. 3), the coefficients PIB in zooxanthellae (2-5), the rates of photosyn. thesis (P) and respiration (M) per g of dry weight of colony (100-250 mg C gl dayl), and ratios of PIB (1.2-1.4 per day). Only in the corals Tubipora, Montipora and Porites was this ratio less than 1. Employing the C14 -method it was shown that the corals investigated can cover 20 to 70% of their metabolic loss by feeding on the dissolved organic matter or bacterioplankton at their concentrations close to those in waters over the reef. By utilizing the preys' concentrations (0. 5-1 mg 1-1 of the biomass) most corals can cover 30 to 100% of their metabolic loss. The most active predators were found to be the corals with small polyps (Acropora, PocilloporaJ. The opinion that the corals with small polyps are more autotrophic as compared to corals which have large polyps seems to be incorrect.

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20.

ICRS4
Pauly, D. and J. Ingles, 1982

Aspects of the growth and natural mortality of exploited coral reef fishes,

p. 89-98. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Pauly, D. and J. Ingles

Year

1982

Title

Aspects of the growth and natural mortality of exploited coral reef fishes,

Source

Keywords

Population, Reef fish, Growth, Mortality, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

A newly developed computer-based method for the analysis of length-frequency data (ELEF AN I & II) is ap- plied to data on reef fishes. It is shown that the growth of reef fishes often oscillates seasonally, and that ad- ju~ting for this effect considerably increases the accuracy of growth parameter estimates. This is also confirmed by a re-analysis of tagging data from the Caribbean. Potential causes of natural mortality in reef fishes are discussed in the light of a recently established empirical relationship between natural mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in fishes.

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21.

ICRS4
Scoffin, T.P., 1982

Aspects of the preservation of deep and shallow water reefs,

p. 499-501. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Scoffin, T.P.

Year

1982

Title

Aspects of the preservation of deep and shallow water reefs,

Source

Keywords

Geology, Ancient reef, Growth , Bioerosion, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Reefs and skeletal structures are best preserved in a setting of subsidence where the constructional processes (rapid burial by loose sediment. encrustation by calcareous organisms andcementationrdominate. The destructive processes. hindering preservation in an original growth state. are mechanical breakdown due to water turbulence and skeletal instability. biological breakdown. and skeletal disintegration by biochemical and chemical processes. At depths of 200-400 m in cold waters of the North Atlantic. branching corals grow rigid anastomosing structures. several meters across and one or two meters high. in considerable abundance. Regardless of the dense skeletal structure and the absence of turbulence. these corals break down into sticks that accumulate as lensshaped beds in the ooze. Aphotic bioerosion and skeletal maceration proceed at a rate too fast for the constructional processes to preserve an upright structure. In shallow tropical waters. high supersaturation promotes cementation on reefs creating new solid substrates and steep reef margins. If the solid substrate is exposed for a prolonged period to circulating sea water. bioerosion can transform the internal reef structure. At the same time. mechanical erosion may reduce the steep margin to a fore-reef talus of blocks of cemented reef. The corals best preserved live and die in zones of high sedimentation. This selective preservation can bias the fossil record: tall reefs are rarely preserved as such and ancient reef complexes may retain little of their original form showing in the rocks only small lagoonal or deeper water patches. beds of broken coral branches and talus.

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22.

ICRS4
Pascal, H. and E. Vacelet, 1982

Bacterial utilization of the mucus of the coral reef of Aqaba (Red Sea),

p. 669-677. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Pascal, H. and E. Vacelet

Year

1982

Title

Bacterial utilization of the mucus of the coral reef of Aqaba (Red Sea),

Source

Keywords

Coral mucus, Bacterial growth, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

The bacterial utilization of the mucus secreted by two species of the coral reef of Aqaba: Heteroxenia {uscesens and Plarygyra lamellina, was tested by collecting strains from mucus and by following the evolution of the bacterial population of mucus in dialysis tubes. . More than one hundred strains were collected. They were grown in three kinds of media where the only source of carbon was: 11 natural mucus, 21 the main components of mucus: hydrocarbons, (glucose-galactoseglucosamine, galactosamine, arabinose) mixed amino acids, palmitic acid and cetyl alcohol, and 3) peptone. None of the strains is an obligate utwer of mucus, and generally their growth is far better with peptone. In the dialysis tubes filled with the two kinds of mucus, the bacterial population was monitored by means of cultural counts (MPN and plate countsj, direct counts, ATP level, and enzymes screening. The results show that the bacterial growth is slowed down after 2 or 3 days. So, the medium seems to get exhausted or inhibiting quickly. at least for bacterial utilization. Phenomena like cryptic growth were observed later on. Although the number of bacteria in mucus is one order greater than in the environmental water, the mucus is suggested to be more a framework or a net for catching detritus and phytoplankton than a cultural medium for bacteria. Presence of high weighted molecular compounds such as waxes, may explain the difficulty bacteria have in feeding on mucus. However, the mucus production in the reef of Aqaba is poor. and other species of corals must be tested for bacterial utwation.

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23.

ICRS4
Ohde, S. and Y. Kitano, 1982

Behavior of minor elements in the transformation of coral aragonite to calcite,

p. 91-94. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Science Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.

Author

Ohde, S. and Y. Kitano

Year

1982

Title

Behavior of minor elements in the transformation of coral aragonite to calcite,

Source

Keywords

Diagenesis, Aragonite, Calcite, Chemistry, ICRS4

Caption

Abstract

Skeletons of ~ent reef-building corals are mainly composed of aragonite. Coral aragonite gradually transforms into more stable crystals such as calcite or protodolomite. In order to elucidate the mechanism of this transformation. the authors have examined factors controlling the transformation through a dissolution experiment. The experimental results indicate that magnesium ions in solution hinder the transformation from aragonite to calcite. and then hinder the dissolution of minor elements from original coral aragonite. The present paper shows the experimental results on the dissolution of minor elements from coral aragonite during the transformation of the aragonite to calcite.

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24.

ICRS4
Daumas, R., R. Galois and B.A. Thomassin, 1982

Biochemical composition of soft and hard coral mucus on a New Caledonian lagoonal reef,

p. 59-67. In: E.D. Gomez, C.E. Birkeland, R.W. Buddemeier, R.E. Johannes, J.A. Marsh, Jr. and R.T. Tsuda (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2. Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.