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Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, 1977
The Third International Coral Reef Symposium was held at the University of Miami's Campus. It combined four days of technical sessions and workshops with selected field trips to principal reef areas: Barbados, Bahamas, Belize, Dry Tortugas, Florida Keys, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Panama and St. Croix.
180 papers were submitted for publication in the Proceedings of the symposium and which was divided into two volumes. Volume 1 emphasizes the biology of coral reefs, with Volume 2 more oriented to geology and geological processes.
Search Result: 89 records
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1.
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ICRS3
Slater, R.A. and C.V.T. Phipps,
1977
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A preliminary report on the coral reefs of Lord Howe Island and Elizabeth Reef, Australia.
p. 313- 318 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Slater, R.A. and C.V.T. Phipps
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Year
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1977
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Title
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A preliminary report on the coral reefs of Lord Howe Island and Elizabeth Reef, Australia.
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Source
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p. 313- 318 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Coral Reefs, Australia, Tasman Sea, Lord Howe Island, Elizabeth Reef, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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The coral reefs around Lord Howe Island and Elizabeth Reef are the southernmost reefs in the world. Detailed geologic maps of each reef were made in the field using aerial photo-moaics. Recent coral growth is limited due to cool water temperatures but the morphology of both reefs suggests that they were once flourishing.
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2.
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ICRS3
Flood, P.G. and G.R. Orme,
1977
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A sedimentation model for platform reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
p. 111- 117 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Flood, P.G. and G.R. Orme
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Year
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1977
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Title
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A sedimentation model for platform reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
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Source
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p. 111- 117 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Carbonate, Sediments , Reefs, Great Barrier Reef, Grain Size, Sediment Types, Sedimentation on Model, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Multivariate analysis of grain size data from an extensive collection of sediments representing the range of depositional environments present on a variety ('asymmetrical' lagoonal platform closed ring reef, lagoonal platform, platform, and low wooded island type) of platform reefs occurring within the Great Barrier Reef Province has shown that only four textural sediment types can be recognized. Three distinct grain size populations exist; 1 phi (0.5 mm) and coarser, 3 phi (0.125 mm) and finer, and sizes between 1 and 3 phi. Three of the sediment types occur within the intertidal portion of the reef. They consist of varying proportions of the two coarser populations. The fourth type includes sediments which have a high percentage of grain sizes finer than 3 phi. These are restricted to subtidal (lagoonal) or protected (e.g. lee of mangrove vegetation) parts of the reefs. The spatial distribution of the sediment types primarily reflect the predominant hydraulic regime of wave action and secondarily the influence of tidal currents. A conceptual model of bioclastic sedimentation is outlined for platform reefs.
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3.
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ICRS3
Barthel, K.W.,
1977
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A spur and groove system in Upper Jurassic coral reefs of southern Germany.
p. 201- 208 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Barthel, K.W.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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A spur and groove system in Upper Jurassic coral reefs of southern Germany.
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Source
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p. 201- 208 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Coral Reefs, Sponge/ algal-mud-mounds, Spurs and Grooves, Southern Germany, Upper Jurassic, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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At Saal (Kelheim area, Bavaria, S Germany) a giant quarry exposes facies inter- elations in Upper Jurassic limestones. Survey of the quarry reveals strong linear relief of sponge/algal-mud-mounds (Upper Kimmeridgian) transitional to coral reefs (Lower Tithonian). The sequence indicates regional uplift. Reef detritus is deposited in the depressions. To interpret the relief three possibilities are checked: (1) longitudinal mound growth, (2) scour channels, and (3) spur and groove systems. Negative evidence of structural and sedimentological features eliminate (1) and (2). The Upper Jurassic spur and groove system was larger than recent ones because the Jurassic reefs were less resistant due to absence of encrusting red algae. Alignment of the system suggests a SE paleo-wind and current direction during Upper Kimmeridgian/Lower Tithonian.
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Online Documents
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4.
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ICRS3
Johnston, I.S.,
1977
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Aspects of the structure of a skeletal organic matrix, and the process of skeletogenesis in the reef coral {Pocillopora} {damicornis}.
p. 447-453 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Johnston, I.S.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Aspects of the structure of a skeletal organic matrix, and the process of skeletogenesis in the reef coral {Pocillopora} {damicornis}.
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Source
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p. 447-453 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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calcification mechanisms, organic matrix, , Skeletogenesis, Reef-coral, Structural matrix, skeleton., ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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In demineralized preparations of the tissue -skeleton interface from a growing part of the coral. Pocillopora damicornis it is possible to demonstrate a structural matric on and within what was the skeleton surface. The matrix forms thin-walled compartments which have the dimensions of individual aragonite crystals previously seen at the surface of the skeleton. Structures which are presumed to be precursors of the matrix are seen within the calicoblastic ectodermal layer and also in the sub-ectodermal space which separates the ectoderm from the skeleton. The structural matrix may be implicated in controlling the p.rocess of skeletogenesis.
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5.
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ICRS3
Buddemeier, R.W. and G. Holladay,
1977
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Atoll hydrology: island groundwater characteristics and their relationship to diagenesis.
p. 167- 173 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Buddemeier, R.W. and G. Holladay
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Atoll hydrology: island groundwater characteristics and their relationship to diagenesis.
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Source
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p. 167- 173 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Hydrology, Atoll, Groundwater, Permeability, Cementation, Diagenesis, Tidal Effects, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Twenty perforated wells ranging in depth from one to 87 m have been drilled on Enjebi Island, Enewetak Atoll. Well tidal responses, freshwater contents and vertical salinity distributions have been studied over a period of two years. A recording multiprobe conductivity meter has been developed and used to monitor tidal salinity fluctuations. The results show that the surface layer of Recent sediments has relatively low permeability, but that effective permeability increases with increasing depth as successive diagenetic horizons are penetrated. It is found that perforated wells provide qualitatively useful information but perturb the system being studied; the effects produced may have natural analogs which accelerate mixing of fresh and saline water and chemical cementation near the water table.
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial purpose only.
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6.
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ICRS3
Campbell, D.G.,
1977
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Bahamian chlorine bleach fishing: a survey,
p. 593-596. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Campbell, D.G.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Bahamian chlorine bleach fishing: a survey,
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Source
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p. 593-596. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Fisheries, Chlorine bleach fishing, Conservation, Bahamas, Coral, Infection, Community, Structure, Regeneration, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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The problem of chlorine bleach fishing in the Bahamas is biologically difficult to define and socially complex. Bleach is applied to coral heads to drive commercially valuable species into range of spears and granges. A characteristic pattern of infection sets in on a bleached reef: annular zones of what appear to be Oscillatoria submembranacea, Desulfovibrio and Beggiatoa travel over Cl stressed coral colonies from an initial point of infection. Reef community structure changes
as well. Regeneration takes years.
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Online Documents
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7.
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ICRS3
Meischner, D. and U. Meischner,
1977
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Bermuda south shore reef morphology- a preliminary report,
p. 243-250. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Meischner, D. and U. Meischner
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Bermuda south shore reef morphology- a preliminary report,
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Source
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p. 243-250. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Reef morphology, Geology, North Atlantic, Bermuda, Holocene, Reef, Terraces, Coral, Littoral, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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A complex morphology of living and dead reef was found off Bermuda South Shore by precision echo sounding and SCUBA diving. Parallel to the coast the following zones were recognized. (1) The littoral fringe: An accretionary lip of algal-vermetid growth. (2) The near-shore platform: Lying at 4 to 5 m depth, densely covered with coral growth. (3) The algal cup reef tract: Based at ca. 8 m, reaching to inter-tidal. (4) The sandy moat: Rippled sand at 15 to 20 m. (5) The outer platform: Mainly - coral reef at 12 to 20 m and submerged former algal reef tract forming inner parapet. (6) The outer slope below 20 with 35 m-terrace.
Reef growth follows pre- existing erosional topography. Holocene reefs became subsequently established on the 20 m-terrace (1. coral, 2. algal-vermetid) and on a supposed 8 m-terrace (3. algalvermetid, 4. coral). The coral reef at 12 to 20 m is found alive but unable to keep up with rising sea level be=ause of counteraction by biogenic destruction.
Holocene coral growth was able to form 8 m of-coral reef and algal cup reefs up to 8 m high.
A model is set up to explain the complex depth and growth relations by repeated formation of wave-breaking algal cup reef tracts and corresponding reef lagoons during the Holocene transgression. The cup reefs are thought to develop from'littoral fringes that become isolated from the shore by sea-level rise and ongoing coastal erosion.
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Online Documents
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8.
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ICRS3
Scott, R. W. and P. L. Brenckle,
1977
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Biotic zonation of a Lower Cretaceous coral-algal-rudist reef, Arizona.
p. 182- 189 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Scott, R. W. and P. L. Brenckle
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Biotic zonation of a Lower Cretaceous coral-algal-rudist reef, Arizona.
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Source
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p. 182- 189 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Lower Cretaceous, Mural Formation, Rudists, Scleractinian Corals, Stromatolites, Paleocommunities,
Arizona, Reefs, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Coral-stromatolite paleocommunities dominate Early Cretaceous lagoonal patch reefs that grew at the northwest end of the Chihuahua Trough. The pioneer community of massive Actinastrea formed biostromes with Microsolena upon a lagoonal substrate of mollusk-miliolid-orbitolinid wackestone and upon reef-fringing coral-rudist fragment and peloid packstones. The succeeding reef-framework community was dominated by laminar to conical Microsolena and hemispherical stromatolites. Only in the climax Coalcomana-Petalodontia community were rudists abundant; it was characterized by caprinids and thick-walled monopleurids. Species diversity tended to decrease slightly from the pioneer community to the reef-framework, but increased in the climax community. Trophic structure of the sere was complex as succession proceeded and tended to shift from predators to suspension feeders. This autogenic reef sere reflects progressively shoaling habitats that lay seaward of wave-dominated shoals. The reefs were buried by lagoonal muds and peri-reef communities of Chondrodonta and Monopleura when quiet-water conditions set in.
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9.
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ICRS3
Goreau, T.J.,
1977
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Carbon metabolism in calcifying and photosynthetic organisms: theoretical models based on stable isotope data.
p. 395- 403 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Goreau, T.J.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Carbon metabolism in calcifying and photosynthetic organisms: theoretical models based on stable isotope data.
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Source
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p. 395- 403 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Carbon-13, Photosynthesis, Isotope Fractionation, Respiration, Carbon-14, Metabolism, Growth Rate, Mass Balance, Calcification, Models, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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A model of carbon isotope metabolism in corals has been used to estimate that between half and two thirds of the inorganic carbon used in calcification and photosynthesis is derived from respiration, and the rest from seawater. Steady state solutions of general mass balance equations for Carbon- 13 containing hysiological parameters and stable isotope compositions of major carbon pools result in simple equations for the relative importance pf inorganic carbon derived from seawater and from respiration, for organic carbon derived from the zooxanthellae and from feeding on zooplankton, and for the fraction of inorganic carbon that is photosynthetically fixed by algae. Variants of the model appropriate to hermatypic corals, ahermatypes, zooxanthellae-containing foraminifers, calcareous and non-calcareous algae illustrate the role of photosynthesis/calcification/respiration ratios on stable isotope composition. Growth rate is shown to have a complicated effect on isotopic composition. While detailed quantitative modeling requires more data: than is currently available, published data is consistent with the model predictions although lacking the internal cross checks required, particularly determination of both tissue and skeleton composition. These cross checks playa large, and previously unrecognized role-affecting interpretation of carbon-13 in terms of environmental variables. Carbon-14 labelling results are compatible with carbon-13 results at steady state, and the time dependent case is especially valuable if reported in consistent units to the NBS standard. Carefully designed physiological experiments coordinated with stable isotope determinations provide insight into cellular carbon metabolism because they add additional constraints that the data must satisfy.
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10.
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ICRS3
Stearn, C.W. and T.P. Scoffin,
1977
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Carbonate budget of a fringing reef, Barbados.
p. 471- 476 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Stearn, C.W. and T.P. Scoffin
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Carbonate budget of a fringing reef, Barbados.
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Source
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p. 471- 476 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Corals, Algae, Boring, Sponges, Barnacles, Bivalves, Parrotfish, Diadema antillarum , Carbonate Budget, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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The rate of calcium carbonate production by corals was determined by measuring the annual growth increments revealed by X-rays in the species determined by areal surveys of the reef to be important in building the framework. The rate of growth of coralline algae was measured from artificial substrates and staining experiments. The co2als and algae fix about 160 metric tons per year of CaCO3 over a planimetric area of about 10,800 m of rocky substrate. Studies of the extent of boring by sponges, barnacles, and bivalves in the corals suggest that about 1.5 metric tons are removed by these organisms per year. These same borers are estimated to remove 23.5 metric tons from the algal encrusted dead coral surface. The effect on the reef structure of grazing by parrotfish is calculated to be about 1 metric ton per year but the urchin Diadema antillarum scrapes up to 163 tons per year of the substrate from the reef in grazing on algae. Although not all factors of construction or destruction have been taken into account, these figures suggest a considerable deficit in the carbonate budget of the reef.
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11.
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ICRS3
Dodge, R.E., K.K.Turekian and J.R. Vaisnys,
1977
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Climatic implications of Barbados coral growth.
p. 361-365 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Dodge, R.E., K.K.Turekian and J.R. Vaisnys
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Climatic implications of Barbados coral growth.
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Source
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p. 361-365 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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growth temperature, density bands, Coral Growth Band Analysis, Climate, Fossil, Reefs, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Results from a coral growth band analysis utilizing samples of M. annularis from the Recent Barbados reef and from three fossil raised reefs (Barbados I, II, and III dated at 82,000, 105,000, and 125,000 yrs. B.P.) indicate that in the Barbados II collection both average band width and variability were lower than in the other samples. We suggest the climate during formation of the 105,000 yrs. B.P. reef was signifcantly different than that of the present.
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12.
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ICRS3
Antonius, A.,
1977
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Coral mortality in reefs: a problem for science and management.
p. 617-623 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Antonius, A.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Coral mortality in reefs: a problem for science and management.
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Source
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p. 617-623 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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management, mortality disease, Sc1eractinian Corals, Stress Situations, Sudden Death Syndrome, High Contagiousness, Chainreaction, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Scleractinian corals are naturally exposed to stresses such as predation by the polychaete Hermodice carunculate, or infection with the cyanophyte Oscillatoria submembranacea. These processes usually remove part of the living tissue of a coral, while the rest of the colony survives. In aquaria experiments, corals were subjected to extreme temperatures, causing a slow deterioration of the speci-
mens. When corals under these conditions were exposed to the natural stresses mentioned above, a process was triggered that led to sudden death of the coral specimens. Starting at the borderline where coenosarc meets wound, the coral-tissue disintegrates rapidly, sloughing off the skeleton in strands or blobs, leaving behind a completely denuded corallum. The phenomenon, which has tentatively been called Shut-Down-Reaction or SDR, is a non-intermittent process, which always results in the death of the entire coral specimen, once it is triggered. SDR was also found to be highly contagious and could conceivably lead to a chain-reaction under certain circumstances. In the field, SDR's triggered by man's interference, were observed in corals under the stresses of extreme temperature, sedimentation, and depth. It is believed that the implications of SDR could pose a considerable problem for coral reef resource management. Reef-corals in certain stress situations do not tolerate additional stresses that are routinely imposed upon them in the day-to-day operation of e.g., an underwater park, and permissible
limits of resort-utilization may have to be adjusted accordingly.
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Online Documents
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13.
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ICRS3
Taylor, F.W. and A.L. Bloom,
1977
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Coral reefs on tectonic blocks, Tonga Island Arc.
p. 275- 281 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Taylor, F.W. and A.L. Bloom
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Coral reefs on tectonic blocks, Tonga Island Arc.
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Source
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p. 275- 281 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Tonga Island Arc, Emerged Coral Reefs, Island Arc Tectonics, Vertical Movements, Tilting,
Quaternary, Last Interglacial, Holocene, Sea Level, Uranium-series Dating, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Sea-level changes, tectonics, coral-reef growth, and erosion have interacted to build the coral islands of the Tonga island arc. The Tongan frontal arc is divided into five tectonic, blocks of which the Tongatapu block is the most southerly. Eua Island, on the eastern edge of the block was uplifted at an average rate of at least 3.3 m/lOO ka (kilo anno = 1,000 years) in post-Miocene time. Terraces at 40-80 m and 1-10-140 m indicate that tilting down to the west accompanied uplift. However, a 20-35 m reef comple)t to the west on Tongatapu Island indicates very little if any tilting since it emerged.
By several hundred thousand years ago, uplift of both Tongatapu and Eua had ceased or become very slow. There is no emerged coral higher than 5.5 m above high-tide level on either island that is less than several hundred thousand years old. On Tongatapu, a reef no higher than 3.5 m above high-tide level gfve ages of 205 + 40 ka. Both Eua and Tongatapu have last interglacial reefs that gave ages of 133 -12 ka and 135 -15 ka, respectively, and indicate 6.7 m of emergence. These reefs prove that no more than negligible net vertical movement and tilt of the Tongatapu block have accumulated since they emerged.
Tongatapu and Eua have reefs that gave ages of 5.9 -0.9 ka and 5.7 -0.5 ka, respectively, and indicate 2.2 m of emergence. Whether the emergence is due to tectonic uplift or fall of sea level is unresolved.
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14.
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ICRS3
Hodges, L.T.,
1977
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Coral size and orientation relationships of the Key Largo limestone of Florida.
p. 347- 352 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Hodges, L.T.
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Year
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1977
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Title
|
Coral size and orientation relationships of the Key Largo limestone of Florida.
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Source
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p. 347- 352 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
|
Coelenterata, Coral, Diploria, Florida, Montastrea, Orientation, Paleoecology, Pleistocene,
Reef, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
|
In a living reef, primarily upward and outward growth of organisms such as colonial corais is expected. Deposits formed with broken and/or transported fossils might show orientations contrasting with those of reef in-place growth. Two study sites in the Pleistocene Key Largo Limestone of the Florida Keys were used. Orientation, overall width, and overall height were measured on 175 coral heads. Of these, 94 were Montastrea annularis and 68 were Diploria sp., the remainder Porites sp. All species show a very pronounced upward orientation. All the largest heads are oriented upwards. Let W = fossil width and H = fossil height. For M. annularis, all heads oriented sideways have W > H, but most small heads oriented upwards have-W < H. Most larger heads have W> H. These facts in M. annularis appear to be related to in-place growth forms or to the deposition of broken heads. Broken heads appear to settle in the most stable position, that is, with W > H. In Diploria, sideways oriented heads have W = H, and the contrasts shown by M. annularis for small upwards vs. sideways heads, and for upwards larger and smaller heads are not present. A possible explanation is that most small heads of M. annularis have an elongated single-lobed head and large heads are multilobed, while Diploria heads-generally have less elongated lobes. The Key Largo Limestone appears to be a reef-related structure, with a dominance of in-place corals and a few small broken heads with orientation determined by stability of position.
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15.
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ICRS3
Schroeder, W.W.,
1977
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Current and hydrographic characterization of the south central insular shelf of Grand Bahama Island.
p. 517- 523 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
|
Schroeder, W.W.
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Year
|
1977
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Title
|
Current and hydrographic characterization of the south central insular shelf of Grand Bahama Island.
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Source
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p. 517- 523 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Descriptive Characterization, Currents, Hydrography, Shelf, Grand Bahama Island, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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A first order of descriptive characterization of the currents and hydrography of the south central insular shelf of Grand Bahama Island is made based on 17 months of observations. The observed currents consisted of three basic flows: (1) a primary, multiple day, W-SSW current which occurred over 50% of the time; (2) a secondary, multiple day, E-NNE current which occurred less than 20% of the time; and (3) periods of highly variable currents which fluctuated on a time scale of hours. The thermal character of the waters exhibited a typical tropical-subtropical northern hemisphere seasonal structure. The water column was generally well mixed except during the water-warming spring season when thermoclines would form. Salinity and dissolved oxygen values were found to be representative of tropical-subtropical western north Atlantic conditions. Both varied during the study but seldom showed any vertical structure.
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16.
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|
ICRS3
Hayes, R.L. and N.I. Goreau,
1977
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Cytodynamics of coral calcification.
p. 433-438 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
|
Hayes, R.L. and N.I. Goreau
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Cytodynamics of coral calcification.
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Source
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p. 433-438 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
|
calcification mechanisms, Coral, Planula, Golgi, Crystallization, Ultrastructure, Calcium, Enzymes,
Histochemistry, Carbonate, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
|
Planulae of Porites porites Pallas (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia) have been processed for ultrastructural analysis, including histochemical assay, with specific attention to structural features and chemical distributions significant for calcification. Calcification in corals is an intracellular phenomenon leading to deposition of aragonitic seed crystals within Golgi condensing vesicles. Crystal formation occurs within the apical segment of the epithelial cell cytoplasm. Alkaline phosphatase and neutral phosphatase reactions are exhibited along the entire cell surface. Carbonic anhydrase is also associated with the apical plasmalemma.
To approximate distribution of anionic and cationic substances, representing inorganic carbonate and calcium ions, respectively, we performed the Von Kossa reaction for carbonates and absorbed cationized ferritin to simulate calcium. From these data, calcium would bind to the glycocalyx and apical cell surface membrane through electro-chemical bonding. Carbonate accumulates within lateral intracellular
canals and throughout the mesoglea lateral and basal to cell processes of the epidermis.
A model of calcification entails dynamic interactions between calcium pools within the epidermal cell, mediated by transport and enzymatic mechanisms at the plasmalemmal and endoplasmic membrane surfaces. Ionic calcium diffuses through the cytoplasm and into Golgi condensing vesicles to become a vesicular calcium pool. Affinity of the vesicle matrix for ionic calcium leads to establishment of bound calcium. With adhesion of the organism to a substrate, supersaturation of vesicular calcium pools induces precipitation of crystalline calcium carbonate as the aragonitic polymorph. Membranebound crystals are released from the cell by exocytosis, thus providing nucleation sites for extracellular skeletogenesis.
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17.
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|
ICRS3
Chalker, B.E.,
1977
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Daily variation in the calcification capacity of {Acropora} {cervicornis}.
p. 417-423 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Chalker, B.E.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Daily variation in the calcification capacity of {Acropora} {cervicornis}.
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Source
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p. 417-423 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
|
calcification, photobiology diurnal rhythms, Coral, Calcification, Endosymbiont, Photosynthesis, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
|
In hermatypic corals calcification capacity is defined as the calcification rate obtained at saturating light intensities. Similarly, calcification potential is defined as the rate obtained under conditions of combined light and nutrient saturation. The Atlantic staghorn coral A. cervicornis exhibits daily rhythms in calcification capacity, with maxima occurring at sunrise and sunset. These rhythms persist for at least one day in total darkness, and are correlated with a daily rhythm in the photosynthetic capacity of the associated algal endosymbiont. Gymnodinium microadriaticum. A daily rhythm in the percentage of photosynthetically fixed carbon excreted by freshly isolated endosymbionts is also observed.
Cultured G. microadriaticum shows circadian rhythms of photosynthetic capacity. This rhythm persists for at least three cycles in constant dim illumination. It is greatly diminished in constant bright illumination.
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18.
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|
ICRS3
Pigott, J.D.,
1977
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Early diagenesis of dissolved sulfur and nitrogen species in Jamaican reef sediments (determined by in situ sampling).
p. 533- 540 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
|
Pigott, J.D.
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Year
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1977
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Title
|
Early diagenesis of dissolved sulfur and nitrogen species in Jamaican reef sediments (determined by in situ sampling).
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Source
|
p. 533- 540 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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|
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Keywords
|
Diagenesis, Sedimentary Geochemistry, Denitrification, Sulfate Reduction, Interstitial
Waters, Reef Sediments, Carbonates, Analytic Techniques, Eh-pH, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
|
Interstitial waters of the fore-reef and back-reef carbonate sands in the vicinity of Discovery Bay, Jamaica, were sampled underwater from interstitial water wells. This new method of interstitial water withdrawal is unique in that it is reproducible, does not involve coring or squeezing sediments, and enables transfer of samples in hypodermic syringes back to a laboratory without oxidation or
contamination. Chemical analyses of S04(2-) , H(2) S + HS(-) , N03(-)' NO(2) , and NH4 indicate that a thermodynamic equilibrium distribution is approachea by sulfur and ni~rogen species. Sulfate reduction is the principal control of hydrogen sulfide generation, whereas deamination can account for the ammonia concentrations. Decrease of oxidized reactants and increase of reduced reactants are generally not uniform with sediment depth; local maxima and minima occur at intermediate depths between the surface and bottom of the wells (0-70 cm). The non-steady state diagenesis of reef sediment pore waters is probably due to heterogeneous sediment textures, enormous activity of benthic macrofauna, and erratic distribution of organic carbon with depth. However, diffusion or bioturbation are not rapid enough to prevent microbial activities that trend toward thermodynamic equilibrium
within micro-environments.
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19.
|
|
ICRS3
Frost, S.H.,
1977
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Ecologic controls of Caribbean and Mediterranean Oligocene reef coral communities
p. 367- 373 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
|
Frost, S.H.
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Year
|
1977
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Title
|
Ecologic controls of Caribbean and Mediterranean Oligocene reef coral communities
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Source
|
p. 367- 373 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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|
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Keywords
|
Oligocene, Holocene, Subsidence, Eustatic, Digestive Dominance, Sediment-Rejection, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
|
An important implication for the application of principles of modern reef ecology to understanding the paleoecology of ancient Cenozoic reefs is the geologically short duration of modern reef growth. Living and fossil Holocene reefs date only from the later stages of Holocene eustatic sealevel rise, in comparison to some Oligocene reefs which flourished for millions of years. The record of fossil Holocene reefs as determined by drilling, shows however, that these were- able to evolve through several developmental stages to attain the "climax" or steady-state condition in a few thousand years. Rates of reef development are controlled by the interaction of rates of skeletal growth by the frame-building biota with subsidence and eustatic sea-level rise.
In terms of application to paleoecology, the following ecological factors operating at the community level are the most applicable: morphologic response to illumination intensity, adaptation to water flow, substrate texture and composition, sediment-rejection potential of reef corals, and digestive dominance hierarchies among reef corals. These factors are particularly useful because differential responses to variation are found within skeletal growth or may be inferred by close genetic relationship with living descendants.
In fossil Oligocene reefs of the Caribbean and Western Tethys (Mediterranean) biogeographic provinces, two ecological factors operating at the community level appear to have governed the rate of community succession and the species mix and diversity of any single reef-coral community. These are ability to reject settling sediment and species~specific aggression behavior. Poritid corals (Goniapora, Porites and Actinacis) colonize unstable terrigenous sand substrates and form paucispecific thickets or biostromes because they can successfully withstand sedimentation processes. After substrate stabilization, frame-building corals of the Suborder Faviina displace the "pioneers" by aggressive interaction and form communities of high diversity.
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20.
|
|
ICRS3
Moore, C.H. and W.W. Shedd,
1977
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Effective rates of sponge bioerosion as a function of carbonate production.
p. 499- 505 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
|
Moore, C.H. and W.W. Shedd
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Year
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1977
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Title
|
Effective rates of sponge bioerosion as a function of carbonate production.
|
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Source
|
p. 499- 505 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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|
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Keywords
|
Bioerosion, Sedimentation, CaC03 Production, Reef Accretion, Clionid. Burrow. Silt, Sponge, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
|
The by-products of clionid bioerosion, the burrow as it is preserved in the rock record, and the clionid silt flushed from the reef by sponge pumping, marine waves and currents are effective indicators of mean bioerosion rates that integrate the effects of substrate availability or carbonate production through time. Bioerosion rates estimated by burrow volume in St. Croix and clianid silt sedimentation rates in Jamaica exhibit a direct relationship to the rate of substrate availability through time, with rates approaching the theoretical maximum of 7 kg m-2 yr-l (10) in areas of high CaCO3 production. The relationship between clionid bioerosion and carbonate production may be utilized to estimate the gross CaC03 production in a reef, if clionid silt sedimentation rates can be measured. First estimates of CaC03 production in the fore-reef of Discovery Bay utilizing gross silt sedimentation rates range from 3.2 to 5.8 kg m-2 yr-l.. These rates are comfortably within the range estimated by Smith and Kinsey (12) for tropical Pacific shallow reef flats and tend to add credence to the basic approaches utilized in this study.
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21.
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|
ICRS3
Randall, R.H. and L.G. Eldredge,
1977
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Effects of Typhoon Pamela on the coral reefs of Guam,
p. 525-531. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
|
Randall, R.H. and L.G. Eldredge
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Year
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1977
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Title
|
Effects of Typhoon Pamela on the coral reefs of Guam,
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Source
|
p. 525-531. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
|
Stress, Storm, Erosion, Typhoon Pamela, Guam, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
|
Guam, the southernmost island of the Mariana Islands, is likely to encounter a significant typhoon every seven years. During the last thirty years two typhoons have passed directly over Guam--Karen (11 November 1962) and Pamela (21 May 1976). Pamela had maximum winds of 120 kt (145 estimated), minimum sea level pressure of 930 mb, a speed of movement at 7 kt, a diameter of 20 nautical miles, and 33 inches of rainfall during the typhoon passage. The typhoon had its greatest
effect along the shoreline where erosion removed many bands of beach deposits and where shoreline vegetation was defoliated. Relatively little damage occurred along the adjacent reef-flat platforms and reef margins. Some unconsolidated materials were shifted. The growing tips of some foliaceous corals frag-.aented. On the reef front a number of corals were overturned by the storm waves.
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22.
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|
ICRS3
Pomponi, S.,
1977
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Etching cells of boring sponges: an ultrastructural analysis.
p. 485- 490 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
|
Pomponi, S.
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Year
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1977
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Title
|
Etching cells of boring sponges: an ultrastructural analysis.
|
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Source
|
p. 485- 490 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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|
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Keywords
|
Boring Sponges, Cliona, Anthosiamella, Spheciospongia, Etching Cells, Calcium Carbonate, Osteoclastic Bone Resorption, Ultrastructure, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
|
The ultrastructure of eight species of boring sponges (Cliona caribbaea, C. delitrix, C. vastifica, C. schmidti, C. vermifera, Cliona sp., Anthosigmella varians, and Spheciospongia othella) was examined to provide a basis for comparison of etching cells among the species. The etching areas of all eight species are similar. Adjacent to the calcium carbonate substrate is the etching area, characterized
by large intercellular spaces, collagen fibrils, and numerous cell processes. This etching area varies in size but is easily distinguishable from the densely packed choanosome. Etching cell processes and, infrequently, etching cell bodies occur at the sponge-substrate interface. Etching cells vary in shape and range in length from 3 to 20 µm. The cells contain an anucleolate nucleus, Golgi, mitochondria, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, phagosomes, glycogen granules, and numerous vacuoles. Examination of the literature on osteoclastic bone resorption in vertebrates provides insights into the cellular mechanisms involved in boring of carbonate substrates by sponges.
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23.
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|
ICRS3
Mac Geachy, J.K.,
1977
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Factors controlling sponge boring in Barbados reef corals.
p. 477- 483 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Mac Geachy, J.K.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Factors controlling sponge boring in Barbados reef corals.
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Source
|
p. 477- 483 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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|
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Keywords
|
Boring Sponge, Corals, Coral Reefs, Barbados, Controlling Factors, Encrustation, Clionids,
Spirastrellids, Siphonodictyon, ICRS3
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|
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Caption
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|
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Abstract
|
The boring sponge fauna of Barbados reef corals includes 14 clionid species, 3 species of Siphondictyon, 1 spirastrellid, 2 species of Alectona, 1 Acarnus or Acanthacarnus species and several unidentified species.
Sponges account for 90% or more of the total boring in most coral heads. The volume removed by boring sponges from Montastrea annularis ranges from 2.5 to 23% in deeper reef environments in Barbados and from 0.8 to 8.9% on a shallow water reef. Corresponding figures for Siderastrea siderea are 1.1. to 18.9% and 0 to 5.3% and for Porites astreoides 0 to 22.4% and 0 to 11.6%. Factors controlling the extent of sponge boring in corals are coral growth morphology and growth rate, sponge boring rate and biomass and growth of encrusting organisms.
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24.
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|
ICRS3
Davis, G.E.,
1977
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Fishery harvest in an underwater park.
p. 605- 608 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
|
Davis, G.E.
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Year
|
1977
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Title
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Fishery harvest in an underwater park.
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Source
|
p. 605- 608 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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|
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Keywords
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Fishery, Underwater Park, Spiny Lobster, Panulirus argus, Ecology, Dry Tortugas, Florida, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
|
There is a potential conflict between park management for preservation of maximum species richness and fishery harvest in parks. The recreational harvest of spiny lobster, Panulirus argus at Ft. Jefferson National Monument, Dry Tortugas, Florida, demonstrates the nature and extent of the conflict. An eight-month-long diver harvest, limited by a daily bag limit of two lobsters, reduced the previously
unfished population by 585 and significantly altered the local lobster distribution. Growth and natural recruitment did not restore the population to its 58.3 kg/ha pre-harvest level, even after 16 months with no additional harvest. The trophic status of spiny lobsters as high level carnivores and current ecological theory combined with the harvest impact observed at Dry Tortugas suggests that community structure and species richness would be significantly altered by the harvest.
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|
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25.
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|
ICRS3
Grigg, R.W.,
1977
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Fishery management of precious corals in Hawaii.
p. 609-616 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
|
Grigg, R.W.
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Year
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1977
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|
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Title
|
Fishery management of precious corals in Hawaii.
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|
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Source
|
p. 609-616 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2: Geology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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|
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Keywords
|
commercial collecting, Population dynamics, Coral, Growth, Fishery Management, Precious coral, Conservation, Reproduction, Mortality, Hawaii, ICRS3
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|
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Caption
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Abstract
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Although the precious coral fishery dates back to antiquity, there has been little attempt throughout history to manage exploitation. An often repeated pattern of the fishery in different parts of the world has been exploration, discovery, exploitation and depletion. The development and continued growth of the precious coral industry in Hawaii as well as new U.S. legislation which mandates management of the U. S. fisheries. were contributing factors which led to the plan of resource management described below. A cohort production model adapted from the method of Beverton and Holt was utilized in order to predict the optimum sustainable yield for several species of precious coral currently under exploitation in Hawaii. In this paper, application of the model is demonstrated using data for the black coral fishery. Basically an equilibrium model, it is appropriate for species characterized by relatively stable population dynamics. Guidelines based on the
model indicate that a minimum size limit of 1.2 m in height and/or 2.5 cm in basal trunk diameter are necessary in order to produce optimum sustainable yields of geographically isolated populations, which are treated as separate units. The basic_elements of the management plans for black coral and other precious corals are currently under consideration by the State of Hawaii and the U.S. Western Pacific Regional Council.
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