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Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, 1977
The Third International Coral Reef Symposium was held at the University of Miami's Campus. It combined four days of technical sessions and workshops with selected field trips to principal reef areas: Barbados, Bahamas, Belize, Dry Tortugas, Florida Keys, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Panama and St. Croix.
180 papers were submitted for publication in the Proceedings of the symposium and which was divided into two volumes. Volume 1 emphasizes the biology of coral reefs, with Volume 2 more oriented to geology and geological processes.
Search Result: 91 records
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1.
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ICRS3
Wells, J.M.,
1977
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A comparative study of the metabolism of tropical benthic communities.
p. 545-550 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Wells, J.M.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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A comparative study of the metabolism of tropical benthic communities.
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Source
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p. 545-550 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Benthic Communities, Bahama Islands, Eniwetak, Community Metabolism ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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The net metabolism of benthic communities exhibits considerable variation, depending primarily on its composition and such environmental parameters as light and temperature. The lowest value found during this investigation was -4.7 mg ) /Mt/hr for communities under ice in -1.65C water off Newfoundland. Simple benthic communities in the Bahama Islands and Eniwetak produced 77 and 85 mg °2/M /hr respectively during peak periods of illumination. Their consumption during darkness was 77 aqd 16 mg °2/M /hr respectively. More complex communities in.Puerto Rico consumed 80-30? mg
°2/Mt/hr and produced 110-220 mg °2/M /hr. None of the communities studied showed a net daily production of oxygen. The methods used to determine community metabolism show great potential as tools for in situ determinations of the sensitivity of entire communities and individual organisms to material which is being released in the ocean.
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2.
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ICRS3
Done, T.J.,
1977
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A comparison of units of cover in ecological classifications of coral communities,
p. 9-13. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Done, T.J.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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A comparison of units of cover in ecological classifications of coral communities,
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Source
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p. 9-13. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Methods, Community structure, Corals, Bottom cover, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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A comparison is made of the performances of measured, graded and binary data in the classification of coral survey data. Little difference was found between classifications which used either measured or graded data. It is therefore suggested that for classificatory studies, field time can most profitably be spent collecting graded instead of measured data.
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3.
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ICRS3
Hopkins, T.S., D.R. Blizzard, S.A. Brawley, S.A. Earle, D.E. Grimm, D.K. Gilbert, P.G. Johnson, E.H. Livingston, C.H. Lutz, J.K. Shaw and B.B. Shaw,
1977
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A preliminary characterization of the biotic components of composite strip transects on the Florida Middlegrounds, northeastern Gulf of Mexico,
p. 31-37. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Hopkins, T.S., D.R. Blizzard, S.A. Brawley, S.A. Earle, D.E. Grimm, D.K. Gilbert, P.G. Johnson, E.H. Livingston, C.H. Lutz, J.K. Shaw and B.B. Shaw
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Year
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1977
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Title
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A preliminary characterization of the biotic components of composite strip transects on the Florida Middlegrounds, northeastern Gulf of Mexico,
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Source
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p. 31-37. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Coral community, Species composition, Assemblages, ICRS3 SCUBA, Florida Middle Ground, Coelenterata, Mollusca, Decapod Crustacea, Echinodermata,
Icthyofauna, Benthic Algae, Zoogeography.
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Caption
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Abstract
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The Florida Middle Ground located in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico approximately 137 km southeast of Appalachicola, Florida and 129 km west of Tarpon Springs, Florida is the northern-most hermatypic coral commu~ity in the Gulf of Mexico. Comparisons of the coelenterate, molluscan, decapod crustacean, echinoderm, polychaete and poriferan fauna with their counterpart assemblages at the West Flower Garden Bank in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico reveal consistent sharp dissimilarities in their gross composition. Although the icthyofauna at the two sites is not so markedly dissimilar, the
Middle Ground shows a stronger affinity to the Florida Keys and West Indian icthyofauna.
In contrast to the West Flower Garden Bank, the Middle Ground has a luxuriant seasonal algae flora which is occasionally disturbed by hurricanes, but continually battered by winter storms in the eastern Gulf. The overall biotic composition shows indications ~f both temperate and tropical spe:ies, which probably maintained by the Florida Loop Current br~nging warm water up from the Flor~da Keys.
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4.
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ICRS3
Montgomery, R.T., W.I. Miller and A.W. Collier,
1977
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A preliminary investigation of the structure of diatom communities associated with the reef habitats of the Florida Keys.
p. 357-364. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Montgomery, R.T., W.I. Miller and A.W. Collier
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Year
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1977
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Title
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A preliminary investigation of the structure of diatom communities associated with the reef habitats of the Florida Keys.
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Source
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p. 357-364. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Halimeda, Tvdemania, Algal Diversity, Productivity, Enewetak, Coral Reef, Calcareous Algae, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Halimeda and to a lesser extent the other calcareous green algal genera were studied at twentyone sites. Fourteen Halimeda species, including some of the most poorly known of the genus, were collected. This is the largest number yet reported from any specific area. New species records include copiosa, distorta and micronesica. New depth data, including the discovery of ~ in shallow water, indicate that none of the known Enewetak species are restricted to deep water. Apparently factors other than light account for the absence of most species within the depth range in which Halimeda grows. This may also be true for Tydemania expeditionis, extensive populations of which were found in 3-5 m of water. The distribution of particular Halimeda species within the atoll can be partly predicted by microhabitat. Some species are predominantly associated with soft substrates; others with rock. Rockgrowing strategies include sprawlers across rocky terrain with constituent clumps adhering to the substrate at several points; and erect or pendent growers, each with single small holdfast. Some species seem to thrive in fast currents, others in less exposed environments. These apparent habitat preferences restrict the in-site species diversity, with maximum number of species encountered per
site being six. The Halimeda population appears to produce both a significant portion of the loose sediments of the atoll and the energy of the reef ecosystem, with seven species probably the main contributors. Ty emania may also contribute significantly, whereas Udotea, Rhipocephalus and Penicillus do not.
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5.
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ICRS3
Miller, W.I., R.T. Montgomery and A.W. Collier,
1977
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A taxonomic survey of the diatoms associated with Florida Keys coral reefs.
p. 349-356. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Miller, W.I., R.T. Montgomery and A.W. Collier
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Year
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1977
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Title
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A taxonomic survey of the diatoms associated with Florida Keys coral reefs.
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Source
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p. 349-356. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Diatoms, Coral Reefs, Florida Keys, Phytoplankton, Coral Sand, Thalassia testudinum, Taxonomy, Scanning Electron Microscopy ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Coral, coral sand, and scrapings from surfaces of Thalassia testudinum from Western Sambo Reef, Sombrero Reef, and Molasses Reef in the Florida Keys were cleaned of all organic and carbonate material in order to examine the diatoms found in each of these habitats. Observation with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy showed that each of these habitats has a unique and diverse diatom flora. The coral was characterized by species of Campylodiscus Podocystis, and Triceratiumj
the coral sand by Amphora and Diploneis, and the Thalassia by Mastogloia.
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6.
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ICRS3
Schuhmacher, H.,
1977
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Ability of fungiid corals to overcome sedimentation.
p. 503-510 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Schuhmacher, H.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Ability of fungiid corals to overcome sedimentation.
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Source
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p. 503-510 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Fungiid Corals, Sedimentation, Cleansing, Septal Morphology, Reef Zonation ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Fourteen solitary fungiid species were investigated to determine their ability to pvercome
sedimentation. Corals were found to reject sediments by three means: (a) from cupolate coralla sediments easily slide off. Flat corals get rid of sediments either by (b) mucus entanglement combined with ciliary action or (c) by inflating the polyp. Efficiency increases in the order (b), (a), (c). In cases (a) and (b) the polyp shrinks to a thin layer upon the skeleton when defending against sediments. In these species a correlation was found between endurance to stress by continuous sedimentation (or by resting deposits), and the shape of septa. Those corals with broad septal ridges can endure for longer time periods than corals with high sharp septa. Sharp septal edges tend to cut through the tissues. The distribution of species within the reef is determined by their respective
ability to overcome the local sedimentary stress. Polyp inflating species, e.g. Fungia actiniformis and Diaseris distorta can survive on sandy areas in turbid lagoons. F. fungites, F. klunzingeri and F. scruposa are examples of those species which cleanse themselves by ciliary beat. They have sharp septa, and are confined to reef areas with low exposure to sedimentation, e.g. reef slope.
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7.
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ICRS3
Cameron, A.M.,
1977
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Acanthaster and coral reefs: population outbreaks of a rare and specialized carnivore in a complex high-diversity system.
p. 193-200. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Cameron, A.M.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Acanthaster and coral reefs: population outbreaks of a rare and specialized carnivore in a complex high-diversity system.
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Source
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p. 193-200. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Acanthaster planai, crown of thorns starfish, coral reefs, rarity, specialization, population outbreaks, predictability. ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Acanthaster planai is a large sized, Indo-Pacific coral reef starfish with morphological and
chemical defenses against potential predation and few animal parasites. It is morphologically and biochemically specia1ised as a cora1ivore. It is highly fecund, has a long larva11ife with low recruitment normally and is long lived. Its normal population density is of the order of 6/km2 in the western Pacific and 1/40-100 m2 in the eastern Pacific. It is a rare and specia1ised carnivore. Coral reef ecosystems are among the most diverse biological assemblages known. A major factor contributing to their species richness is the prevalence of coevo1ved relationships between and among species. These relationships and the system of which they are a part have evolutionary histories.
Population outbreaks of A. planai in the Indo-West Pacific have been accompanied by obliteration on a massive scale of the sc1eractinians that constitute the basic and characteristic component of coral reefs as such; not only of a particular group of taxa, but of the fundamental attribute of the ecosystem. In evolutionary terms it is inescapable that the scale of biological destruction involved is novel. A. planai outbreaks have provided an impetus to a sterile po1arisation of views on the nature of coral reef organisation.
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8.
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ICRS3
Endean, R.,
1977
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Acanthaster planci infestations of reefs of the Great Barrier Reef.
p. 185-191. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Endean, R.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Acanthaster planci infestations of reefs of the Great Barrier Reef.
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Source
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p. 185-191. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Predation, ICRS3
Acanthaster Planci, Crown-Of-Thorns Starfish, Coral Reefs, Population Explosions,
Recolonization, Primary Infestations, Secondary Infestations, Causes of Acanthaster Outbreaks.
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Caption
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Abstract
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During the last decade the majority of reefs in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef have been infested with coral-eating crown-of-thorns starfish. The infestations continue to spread. A massive destruction of" the hard coral cover of many reefs has occurred. In some shallow water areas of some reefs where the coral cover was devastated 6-10 years ago as a result of population explosions of!. planci, recolonization by tabular Acropora has been impressive but recolonization by hard corals in many other areas has been negligible. There has been a polarization of views about the causes of the!. planci infestations, some workers maintaining that the infestations are natural phenomena, others that the infestations are unique. Various hypotheses embraced by these viewpoints are evaluated in the light of recent research and the conclusion is reached that the!. planci infestations are unique and have probably been triggered by the extensive collection by humans of molluscan and pis cine predators of juvenile and small
adult!. planci on certain accessible reefs. Other reefs have then been infested as a result of adult starfish migrating from the primary centres of infestation or as a result of invasion by larvae originating at the primary centres of infestation. The need to control!. planci infestations is emphasized.
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9.
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ICRS3
Kott, P.,
1977
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Algal support didemnid ascidians of the Great Barrier Reef.
p. 615-622 in D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Kott, P.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Algal support didemnid ascidians of the Great Barrier Reef.
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Source
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p. 615-622 in D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Didemnidae, Symbiotic, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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In the present work, a consideration of taxonomy of 9 species (including 3 that are new) of blue- green algal containing didemnid ascidians contained in 4 distinct genera establishes their specific and diagnostic characteristics and confirms that the species generally have a wide geographic range in the tropical Indo-Pacific. The association does not occur in the Atlantic. The blue-green algae are contained in the adult common cloaca and transferred from generation to generation on the larval test. It appears that a habitat in shallow tropical waters, highly developed viviparous larvae in which budding occurs precociously before metamorphosis, early development of a functional colony and/or early attainment of sexual maturity and rapid succession of generations, have enhanced the development of this probably symbiotic relationship between blue-green algae and certain didemnid ascidians.
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10.
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ICRS3
Morse D.E., A.N.C. Morse and H. Duncan,
1977
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Algal tumors in the Caribbean sea fan Gorgonia ventalina.
p. 623-629 in D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Morse D.E., A.N.C. Morse and H. Duncan
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Algal tumors in the Caribbean sea fan Gorgonia ventalina.
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Source
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p. 623-629 in D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Coral, Tumor, Disease, Erosion, Filamentous Algae; Gorgonia ventalina, Neoplasia,
Environmental Stress ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Gorgonia ventalina from Bonaire and Trinidad. Microscopic examination reveals that these tumors consist of dense accretions of skeletal gorgonin, deposited as slender tubes around strands of filamentous algae; hyperplasia of collagen-producing mesog1ea1 cells surrounds the randomly oriented filaments of gorgonin. Confluent spread of these algal tumors is associated with peripheral necrosis (tissue death) and erosion of the coral.
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11.
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ICRS3
Laborel, J.,
1977
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Are reef-building vermetids disappearing in the south Atlantic?
p. 233-238. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Laborel, J.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Are reef-building vermetids disappearing in the south Atlantic?
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Source
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p. 233-238. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Biogeography, Reefs, Mollusks, Vermetid, Gastropods, South Atlantic. ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Extensive formations of Gastropods of the family vermetidae have often been described from the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical regions. In the tropical Atlantic, the study of 19th and early 20th century literature shows that very dense populations of Vermetids (often quoted as Serpulae) were active in areas wh~re recent exploration is not able to find them. In some areas, populations which flourished 70 years ago, have now completely vanished. Similarly studies of fossil vermetid rock lines above present water level, representative of holocene high water stands along the coasts of Brazil
and West Africa, reveal that fossil populations of these species were more developed and more widely distributed than at present. The various genera of Vermetids have not been affected to the same extent. Petaloconchus (Macrophragma) , which prefers relatively calm waters, is nearly extinct in the region of our study; whereas Dendropoma (Novastoa) , a surf loving genus, survives and is still flourishing in many places.
It is still premature to propose an explanation for such ~henomena. We do not know whether it is worldwide, or restricted. However, it does not seem to be linked to human activity, since the general narrowing of the areas of repartition suggests climatic changes.
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12.
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ICRS3
Sebens, K.P.,
1977
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Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition of coral reef zoanthids.
p. 397-404. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Sebens, K.P.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition of coral reef zoanthids.
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Source
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p. 397-404. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Nutrition, Zoanthids, Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, Panama, Brazil ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Online Documents
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13.
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ICRS3
Webb, K.L., W.D. Du Paul, C.F. D'elia,
1977
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Biomass and nutrient flux measurements on Holothuria atra populations on
windward reef flats at Enewetak, Marshall Islands.
p. 409-416. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Webb, K.L., W.D. Du Paul, C.F. D'elia
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Biomass and nutrient flux measurements on Holothuria atra populations on
windward reef flats at Enewetak, Marshall Islands.
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Source
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p. 409-416. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Holothurian, Holothurian, Ammonia, Phosphorus, Nitrogen sea cucumber ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Online Documents
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14.
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ICRS3
Spencer-Davies, P.,
1977
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Carbon budgets and vertical zonation of Atlantic reef corals.
p. 391-396. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Spencer-Davies, P.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Carbon budgets and vertical zonation of Atlantic reef corals.
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Source
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p. 391-396. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Primary Productivity, Carbon Budgets, Atlantic Reef Corals ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Primary productivity of surface reefs can be estimated by the classic methods of Odum and Odum, but these procedures are unsuitable for deeper sections of reef. The paper will compare laboratorybased and in situ methods of measuring primary productivity and carbon budgets at different depths on the reef in- some- Atlantic Reef Corals.
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15.
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ICRS3
Reese, E.S.,
1977
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Coevolution of corals and coral feeding fishes of the family Chaetodontidae,
p. 267-274. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Reese, E.S.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Coevolution of corals and coral feeding fishes of the family Chaetodontidae,
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Source
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p. 267-274. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Coevolution, Coral Feeding, Corals, Reef Fishes, Chaetodontidae.Reef fish, Indicator, Butterflyfish, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Field observations of the feeding behavior and the nature of the substrata to which the feeding behavior is directed reveal that species of chaetodontids belong to one of three feeding categories: coral feeders, omnivores which feed on benthic invertebrates other than corals, and plankton feeders. The coral feeders are subdivided into obligative and facultative species. Stomach content analyses confirm the behavioral observations. Data are presented from three geographical study areas: Hawaii, Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands, and Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef. Laboratory studies on two species of chaetodontids presented with three species of corals, indicate that certain species of corals may be preferred to others as food. Coevolution of corals and coral feeding fishes is discussed. Coral feeding chaetodontids are candidates as indicator organisms for the "health" or coral reefs.
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Online Documents
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16.
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ICRS3
Warner, R.R. and I.F. Downs,
1977
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Comparative life histories: growth vs. reproduction in normal males and sexchanging hermaphrodites of the striped parrot fish Scarus croicensis.
p. 275-282. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Warner, R.R. and I.F. Downs
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Comparative life histories: growth vs. reproduction in normal males and sexchanging hermaphrodites of the striped parrot fish Scarus croicensis.
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Source
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p. 275-282. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Protogyny, Hermaphroditism, Life History Strategies, Parrotfish, Reefs, Scarus croicensis,
Caribbean, Sex Change, Growth, Reproduction. ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Populations of -the striped parrotfish, Scarus croicensis, are made up of females, primary males, and sex-changed (secondary) males. All fema~d primary males change from the initial to terminal color phase within the same small size range (95-105 linn S.L..), and females change sex at this size as well. Females begin life on the reef in non-territorial feeding groups, then join a dominant male and other females in a territory. After sex and color change, the new secondary male joins other terminal phase males (primary and secondary) in a deep foraging group. Primary males apparently never join territories
while small. The terminal phase males remain in the foraging groups until the chance arises to become a dominant territorial male. These latter males apparently have high reproductive success relative to all other sexual types. Primary males appear to grow more quickly than the hermaphrodites, reaching the terminal phase male size sooner, but they do not live as long. The hermaphrodites reproduce consistently while young females, eventually reaching a competitive size and changing sex. Primary males appear to trade longer life and prolonged reproduction for a short generation time. However,
they cannot eliminate hermaphrodites from the population as long as large males enjoy a reproductive advantage.
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17.
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ICRS3
Bonem, R.M.,
1977
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Comparison of cavities and cryptic biota in modern reefs with those developed in lower Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) bioherms.
p. 75-80. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Bonem, R.M.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Comparison of cavities and cryptic biota in modern reefs with those developed in lower Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) bioherms.
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Source
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p. 75-80. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Cavities, Cryptic Organisms, Fossil Bioherms, Reefs, Pennsylvanian, Morrowan, Oklahoma, ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Cavities and cavity-dwelling organisms are an important element of modern reef~. Cavities provide additional living space, food, and protection and permit deeper water organisms to inhabit shallower depths. They are also responsible for framework destruction and alteration. Modern reef cavities have been classified by size, origin, position, and light penetration. After these cavities have been abandoned, they are commonly filled partially or complately with sediments and cement. Examples of large and small cavities are recognized in bioherms within the Lower Pennsylvanian
(Morrowan) interval in northeastern Oklahoma. Many of the cavities were inhabited by a characteristic cryptic fauna of tabulate and rugose corals and encrusting bryozoans. Other cavities are filled with unconsolidated debris or micrite and spar. The origin of small, unoccupied cavities may be attributed to borings of sponges and bivalves, skeletal cavities of tabulate corals and brachiopods, irregular growth or sedimentation, and dessication features. Large cavities are primarily the result of irregular growth.
Investigation of modern reef cavities with careful examination of fossil bioherms may make reinterpretation of many ancient limestone deposits possible.
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Online Documents
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19.
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ICRS3
Bright, T.J.,
1977
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Coral reefs, nepheloid layers, gas seeps and brine flows on hard-banks in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico,
p. 39-46. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Bright, T.J.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Coral reefs, nepheloid layers, gas seeps and brine flows on hard-banks in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico,
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Source
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p. 39-46. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Nepheloid layers, Natural gas, Community structure, ICRS3
Atlantic, Coral, Reefs, Nepheloid, Natural Gas, Brine, Gulf of Mexico
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Caption
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Abstract
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Tropical Atlantic coral reefs occur on two hard-banks, the East and West Flower Gardens, on the Outer Continental Shelf off Texas and Louisiana, U.S.A. These and 16 other banks studied bear epibenthic populations distinguishable into 6 inter~elated biotic zones. Turbid bottom water (nepheloid layers) significantly influence the composition, diversity and vertical distribution of benthic communities on most of the banks. Biogenic and petrogenic natural gas (methane-ethane-propane) seeps from the substrata of the reefs and banks but seemingly has only localized effects on biota. A flow of brine was discovered at the East Flower Garden at 72 meters depth. The dense, 188 parts per thousand' salinity water, which contains dissolved petrogenic natural gas and hydrogen sulfide, seems to have affected bottom communities only in a narrow band directly above its interface with overlying average marine water.
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Online Documents
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20.
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ICRS3
Brakel, W.H.,
1977
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Corallite variation in {Porites} and the species problem in corals.
p. 457-462 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Brakel, W.H.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Corallite variation in {Porites} and the species problem in corals.
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Source
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p. 457-462 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Coral, Ecology, Jamaica, Numerical Taxonomy, Porites, Reef, Scleractinia, Species, Variation ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Corallite variation was examined in 140 Porites colonies, collected at Discovery Bay, Jamaica; by the quantitative study of 20 corallite characters shown to be free of most environmental influences. Cluster analysis revealed the existence of several concentrations of morphologically similar specimens, some of which corresponded to Porites species as traditionally defined. These clusters were not distinct, however, but were connected by many intermediate forms. It is suggested that the complex nature of variation in this coral genus and others is a direct consequence of the diversifying selection pressures exerted upon coral populations by their environment. Taxonomic difficulties among the Scleractinia at the species level are thus not merely the result of inadequate study, but reflect fundamental, intrinsic genecological properties of coral populations.
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Online Documents
|
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21.
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ICRS3
Cuffey, R.J. and S.S. Fonda,
1977
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Cryptic bryozoan species assemblages in modern coral reefs off Andros and Eleuthera, Bahamas.
p. 81-86. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Cuffey, R.J. and S.S. Fonda
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Cryptic bryozoan species assemblages in modern coral reefs off Andros and Eleuthera, Bahamas.
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Source
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p. 81-86. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Bryozoans, Ectoprocts, Cheilostomes, Cyclostomes, Bahamas, Andros, Eleuthera, Reefs, Bioherms, Corals.
ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Modern coral reefs off northern Andros and northern Eleuthera (Bahamas) contain abundant bryozoans, largely encrusting cheilostomes, but also a few cyclostomes and tuft-like cheilostomes. Some colonies inhabit small cavities, but most are cryptic or hidden encrusters underneath coral, rock, or rubble; a few are on shells and grass blades. None of the bryozoans in these typical coral reefs are frame-builders, and only occasionally do worn fragments of their colonies occur as skeletal sand grains. The 42 bryozoan species identified vary in abundance among the environmental zones developed within
these Bahamian reef complexes, so that two distinct assemblages can be recognized. The near-shore assemblage, occurring along shore and in lagoon patch reefs, is heavily dominated by Rhynchozoon. The more diverse assemblage on outer or barrier reefs includes Rhynchozoon but also Aimulosia, Anarthropora, Cleidochasma, Cribrilaria, Hippopodina, Holoporella, Reptadeonella, Schizotheca, Step;inoporella, Stylopoma, and Trematooecia.
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Online Documents
|
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22.
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ICRS3
Vasseur, P.,
1977
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Cryptic sessile communities in various coral formations on reef flats in the vicinity of Tuléar (Madagascar),
p. 95-100. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Vasseur, P.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Cryptic sessile communities in various coral formations on reef flats in the vicinity of Tuléar (Madagascar),
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Source
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p. 95-100. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Sessile communities, Cryptic benthos, ICRS3
Sessile Communities, Cryptic Biotopes, Coral Reefs, Distribution
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Caption
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Abstract
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Sessile communities recorded in the shady biotopes of the reef flats in the region of Tulear
are reviewed. The importance of various invertebrate- groups is very large in the cryptic benthos. These are mainly represented by dense populations of sponges and ascidians together with encrusting foraminifera, cnidaria, and bryozoa. Calcareous algae (Corallinacea and Squamariacea) are always present. Systematic enumeration indicates the presence of more than 270 species. The important growing of very numerous benthic species living inside the cavities (reef-mesh structure) and under the loose blocks of the reef flat, as well as their wide distribution on the whole flat point out that shadeloving
communities playa large role in the reef biocenotic complex.
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23.
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ICRS3
Uebelacker, J.M.,
1977
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Cryptofaunal species/area relationship in the coral reef sponge Gelliodes digitalis.
p. 69-74. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Uebelacker, J.M.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Cryptofaunal species/area relationship in the coral reef sponge Gelliodes digitalis.
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Source
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p. 69-74. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Species/Area Relationship, Gelliodes diRitalis, Cryptofauna, Habitat Heterogeneity ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Specimens of Gelliodes digitalis from a Grand Bahama Island coral reef are regarded as living habitat islands harboring a variety of faunal associates (cryptofauna). Twenty-nine individuals of this sponge, ranging in volume from approximately 20 cm3 to 400 cm , were collected from coral heads near Freeport. The number of cryptofaunal species S from each sponge correlates positively with sponge size A in a linearlogarithmic relationship, log S = log k + zlog A. Species number is most highly correlated with sponge dry weight, wet weight, volume, and available volume (r = 0.71, p < 0.0005). Sponge age, isolation, water depth, latitude, and speciation rates of the cryptofauna are discounted as factors affecting species richness of the sponge associates in this study. The species/area phenomenon exhibited by these sponges and their cryptofauna appears to be primarily
a size effect alone, independent of habitat heterogeneity.
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24.
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ICRS3
Ogden, J.C. and J.C. Zieman,
1977
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Ecological aspects of coral reef-seagrass bed contacts in the Caribbean.
p. 377-382. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Ogden, J.C. and J.C. Zieman
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Ecological aspects of coral reef-seagrass bed contacts in the Caribbean.
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Source
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p. 377-382. In: D.L. Taylor (ed.) Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Coral Reef, Seagrass, Fishes, Thalassia, Halos, Parrotfish, Herbivore, Sea Urchin, Grunts ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Conspicuous contacts exist between Caribbean coral reefs and seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) beds. The feeding forays of herbivorous reef fishes by day and sea urchins by night short distances into seagrass beds can lead to the development of halos about reefs although currents and wave action are important in the generation of some halos. Within the halo region, Thalassia shows greatly altered blade morphology. Distribution of parrotfish bites along a transect from a reef into a seagrass bed shows that near reef areas are exploited by larger fishes while exploitation far from reefs is by resident populations of small fishes (e.g. Sparisoma- Eadians). Large predaceous fishes hunting
the beds, combined with a lack of shelter are probably responsible for this pattern. Carnivorous fishes (e.g. grunts, pomadasyidae) resting on coral reefs by day and feeding on seagrass invertebrates by night are largely responsible for the enhanced fish biomass characteristic of coral reefs near seagrass beds. Patterns of exploitation of the beds by schools of these fishes (primarily Haemulon flavolineatum and~. plumieri) from different patch reefs on St. Croix, U.S.V.I. show little overlap and some evidence of feeding separation of the two species involved. Seagrass beds are also prime sites for the settlement of juvenile fishes from the plankton. Resource limitations on coral reefs can be severe due to the close couplings of symbiosis. The proximity of seagrass beds to coral reefs provides food for fishes and invertebrates feeding within the beds, shelter for juveniles, and organic material exported ~o reefs. The primary limit to further exploitation is lack of shelter within the beds.
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Online Documents
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25.
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ICRS3
Thresher, R.E.,
1977
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Ecological determinants of social organization of reef fishes.
p. 551-558 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Author
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Thresher, R.E.
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Year
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1977
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Title
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Ecological determinants of social organization of reef fishes.
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Source
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p. 551-558 in: D.L. Taylor (ed.). Proceedings of Third International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 1: Biology. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Florida.
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Keywords
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Reef Fishes, Social Organization, Space, Territoriality, Resources, Defensibility, Parent-young, Altruism ICRS3
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Caption
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Abstract
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Recent work on the causal mechanisms that underlie the territorial behavior of a Caribbean reef fish suggests strong parallels with concepts of space-related behavior derived from terrestrial ecology. These concepts can be successfully applied to reef fishes and their combination can account for much of their social behavior and organization. Three factors are considered critical: spatial cotmnitment, which determines the size of the living space required and which relates to resource abundance, attack readiness, which determines the vigor with which an area will be defended, if at all, and which relates to the economics of resource defense, and the absence among reef fishes of either prolonged parentyoung relationships or social units composed of related individuals. Their absence removes potentially confounding factors from the social organizations and subsequently makes the latter more closely dependent on resource states than are those of terrestrial animals. Thus, the social behavior of reef fishes may prove a valuable test system for theoretical ecology.
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