Pacific island countries and territories are among the most reef-dependent nations in the world, and pressures on reef systems in the region represent significant threats to livelihoods, health, and well-being of coastal communities and national economies. Understanding the nature and extent of dependence on reefs is an important step towards better targeting efforts to reduce the associated vulnerability of reef-dependent people and nations in the Pacific and measuring progress towards this objective.
High quality information about reef dependence can be difficult to locate, partly because of the wide range of ecosystem goods and services that reefs provide, and also because these data are typically presented within background socioeconomic information from individual sites or projects, rather than being the focus of studies or reports.
Provided here is a collection of literature in which aspects of dependence upon reefs and associated resources in the Pacific island countries and territories are measured and described. These types of reef-dependence include reliance on reef-associated fisheries, income and employment (e.g. through fisheries, tourism, aquaculture), livelihoods, nutrition, exports, cultural value, and coastal protection. Included within the collection are peer-reviewed journal articles, institutional technical reports, government reports, conference proceedings, student theses, and unpublished reports. Emphasis is on recent (post-2000) information where possible. ReefBase Pacific will continue to update this collection and improve access to literature on Pacific reef-dependence.
Search Result: 110 records
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1
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World Resources Institute,
2011
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Reefs At Risk Revisited: Pacific
Reefs At Risk Revisited. Feb 2011. World Resources Institute. Burke, L., K. Reytar, M. Spald. Washington DC. 2.
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Ref ID
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E0000006495
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Author
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World Resources Institute
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Year
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2011
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Title
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Reefs At Risk Revisited: Pacific
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Source
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Reefs At Risk Revisited. Feb 2011. World Resources Institute. Burke, L., K. Reytar, M. Spald. Washington DC. 2.
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Keywords
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status, monitoring, threat,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Coastal Protection,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance,External Threats & Opportunities
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Caption
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REGIONAL KEY POINTS
• Spanning almost half the globe, the Pacific is home more than a quarter of the world’s reefs – nearly 66,000 sq km.
• About 7.5 million people live on the coast within 30 km of a coral reef in the Pacific, representing 50 percent of the total population of the region.
• After Australia, the Pacific is the least threatened region, with slightly less than 50 percent of reefs affected by local threats (coastal development,
marine-based pollution and damage, overfishing and destructive fishing, or watershed-based pollution), of which only 20 percent are at high or very high threat.
• More than 920 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are located in the Pacific, and include 13 percent of the region’s reefs.
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Abstract
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Online Documents
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- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
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2
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Williams, I.D., B. L. Richards, S. A. Sandin, J. K. Baum, R. E. Schroeder, M. O. Nadon, B. Zgliczynski, P. Craig, J. L. McIlwain and R. E. Brainard,
2010
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Differences in Reef Fish Assemblages between Populated and Remote Reefs Spanning Multiple Archipelagos Across the Central and Western Pacific
Journal of Marine Biology. 2011. Hindawi Publishing. 2011. 14.
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Ref ID
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E0000006497
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Author
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Williams, I.D., B. L. Richards, S. A. Sandin, J. K. Baum, R. E. Schroeder, M. O. Nadon, B. Zgliczynski, P. Craig, J. L. McIlwain and R. E. Brainard
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Year
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2010
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Title
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Differences in Reef Fish Assemblages between Populated and Remote Reefs Spanning Multiple Archipelagos Across the Central and Western Pacific
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Source
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Journal of Marine Biology. 2011. Hindawi Publishing. 2011. 14.
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Keywords
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Fish assemblages,reef fishes, coral reef, fishing pressure,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Natural System,Coral Reef Ecosystem Division
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Caption
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Abstract
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Comparable information on the status of natural resources across large geographic and human impact scales provides invaluable context to ecosystem-based management and insights into processes driving differences among areas. Data on fish assemblages at 39 US flag coral reef-areas distributed across the Pacific are presented. Total reef fish biomass varied by more than an order of magnitude: lowest at densely-populated islands and highest on reefs distant from human populations. Remote reefs (<50 people within 100 km) averaged ~4 times the biomass of “all fishes” and 15 times the biomass of piscivores compared to reefs near populated areas. Greatest within-archipelagic differences were found in Hawaiian and Mariana Archipelagos, where differences were consistent with, but likely not exclusively driven by, higher fishing pressure around populated areas. Results highlight the importance of the extremely remote reefs now contained within the system of Pacific Marine National Monuments as ecological reference areas.
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Online Documents
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No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
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of
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3
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Williams, G.J., I.S, Knapp, J.E Maragos and S. K. Davy,
2010
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Modeling patterns of coral bleaching at a remote Central Pacific atoll
Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2010. Elsevier Ltd. 9. 60. 1467-1476.
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Ref ID
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E0000006500
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Author
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Williams, G.J., I.S, Knapp, J.E Maragos and S. K. Davy
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Year
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2010
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Title
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Modeling patterns of coral bleaching at a remote Central Pacific atoll
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Source
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Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2010. Elsevier Ltd. 9. 60. 1467-1476.
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Keywords
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Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Natural System,External Threats & Opportunities
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Caption
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Abstract
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A mild bleaching event (9.2% prevalence) at Palmyra Atoll occurred in response to the 2009 ENSO, when mean water temperature reached 29.8–30.1 °C. Prevalence among both abundant and sparse taxa varied with no clear pattern in susceptibility relating to coral morphology. Seven taxon-specific models showed that turbidity exacerbated while prior exposure to higher background temperatures alleviated bleaching, with these predictors explaining an average 16.3% and 11.5% variation in prevalence patterns, respectively. Positive associations occurred between bleaching prevalence and both immediate temperature during the bleaching event (average 8.4% variation explained) and increased sand cover (average 3.7%). Despite these associations, mean unexplained variation in prevalence equalled 59%. Lower bleaching prevalence in areas experiencing higher background temperatures suggests acclimation to temperature stress among several coral genera, while WWII modifications may still be impacting the reefs via shoreline sediment re-distribution and increased turbidity, exacerbating coral bleaching susceptibility during periods of high temperature stress.
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Online Documents
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No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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4
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Kinch, J. P. Anderson, E. Richards, A. Talouli, C. Vieux, C. Peteru, and T. Suaesi,
2010
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Outlook Report on the State of the Marine Biodiversity in the Pacific Islands Region
2010. SPREP. Apia, Samoa.
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Ref ID
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E0000006499
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Author
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Kinch, J. P. Anderson, E. Richards, A. Talouli, C. Vieux, C. Peteru, and T. Suaesi
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Year
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2010
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Title
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Outlook Report on the State of the Marine Biodiversity in the Pacific Islands Region
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Source
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2010. SPREP. Apia, Samoa.
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Keywords
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Pacific island, environmental issue, habitat,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Natural System,Institutions & Governance,External Threats & Opportunities,SPREP (Pacific Regional Enviro
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Caption
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Abstract
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The Pacific Islands region is located in the western and central Pacific Ocean. The 14 independent countries and eight territories that make up this region are delineated into three major culture areas; these are Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia , and have a combined Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of approximately 29 million km². Total land area in the Pacific Islands region is just over 550,000 km², of which PNG accounts for 83 % of the total land area, and also makes up approximately 64 % of the total population for the (Table 2). On the opposite end of the spectrum, seven of the smallest Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs); the Cook Islands, Palau, Wallis and Futuna, Nauru, Tuvalu, Niue and Tokelau, when combine account together for less than 1 % of the total population for the Pacific Islands region Major marine environmental issues have been identified in the Pacific Islands region, and these include potential (and perceived) impacts from environmental change (including climate variability and climate change), habitat loss and the effects of coastal modification, the introduction of invasive species, fishing pressure (including destructive practices), increased sedimentation and nutrient loading from land-use practices (including coastal mining), solid waste and liquid effluents, and other sources of land and marine pollution. This report provides a summary of current information regarding pressure, state and responses to these threats for the Pacific Islands region, as well the responses by PICTs in addressing, alleviating and/or mitigating these threats.
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Online Documents
|
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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5
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Seidel, H,
2009
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Evaluating the role of science in Community Based Adaptive Management of coastal resources in Fiji
Masters.
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Ref ID
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A0000005290
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Author
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Seidel, H
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Year
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2009
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Title
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Evaluating the role of science in Community Based Adaptive Management of coastal resources in Fiji
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Source
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Masters.
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Keywords
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adaptive management, community-based, monitoring, coastal management, information needs, decision making, participatory approach,Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Income,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance,University of Bremen
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Caption
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Abstract
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Community-based adaptive management (CBAM) has generally been accepted as an effective means to sustainably manage coastal ecosystems and small scale fishing activities. This particularly applies to areas where indigenous communities have significant control over their resources through customary marine tenure (CMT) such as the South Pacific. In Fiji CBAM is employed as a national strategy for coastal area management with over 300 communities involved. Activities are coordinated by the Fiji Locally-Managed Marine Area (FLMMA) Network which aims to integrate modern scientific knowledge with traditional management and governance systems for improved coastal area management. The use and degree of natural science required to support CBAM, however, is not well defined and viewpoints vary greatly between stakeholders and managers. This thesis highlights the actual and the potential use of natural science to be integrated into CBAM and support sustainable management at various levels of governance. Particularly, existing approaches such as participatory community-based biological monitoring are discussed. Statistical analysis of generated data was used to review the quality of this key scientific input to CBAM. Interviews were conducted with managers, scientists, government personnel, and community members to determine different stakeholder priorities and information needs for the CBAM approach. This allowed to examine how current efforts are addressing these priorities and needs at various governance levels and where potential use for future science interventions lie. Existing biophysical data from Fiji were compiled to propose suitable methods for predictive coordinative planning such as modelling approaches. In addition, alternative monitoring and evaluation methods are discussed. The study suggests that the supporting function of natural science to CBAM has not been fully exploited to date. Current procedures to generate site based scientific knowledge tend to be limited in their scope, and appear to be having limited direct impact on management of coastal resources. The main issues that prevent effective use of existing scientific knowledge are a lack of clearly defined objectives, a lack of capacity, deficient communication of scientific outputs, and a need for ncreased community education and training. These limitations combined with the degree and capacity to which communities can effectively benefit from the collection and interpretation of data based on scientific methodologies without continuous external input, need to be revised. At mid and national level and for improved project facilitation, there is potential to use novel approaches. This however, will require the amelioration of capacity and support functions.
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Online Documents
|
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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6
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Reenberg, A., T. Birch-Thomsen, O. Mertz, B. Fog and S. Christiansen ,
2008
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Adaptation of human coping strategies in a small island society in the SW Pacific – 50 years of change in the coupled human-environment system on Bellona, Solomon Islands
Human Ecology. 36. 807-819.
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Ref ID
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A0000005263
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Author
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Reenberg, A., T. Birch-Thomsen, O. Mertz, B. Fog and S. Christiansen
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Year
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2008
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Title
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Adaptation of human coping strategies in a small island society in the SW Pacific – 50 years of change in the coupled human-environment system on Bellona, Solomon Islands
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Source
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Human Ecology. 36. 807-819.
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Keywords
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climate change, polulation rise, agriculture, socioeconomic stress,Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Livelihoods,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance,External Threats & Opportunities
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Caption
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Abstract
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Coupled human–environmental timelines are used to explore the temporal coevolution of driving forces and adaptive strategies from the 1960s to 2006 on Bellona in the SW Pacific. Climatic events and agro-environmental conditions are assessed in conjunction with issues such as population dynamics, agricultural strategies, non-agricultural activities, transport and infrastructure, migration, education, political conditions, etc. Satellite imagery and aerial photos reveal relative stability in agricultural land use intensity despite an increase in de facto population (51% from 1966–2006). Results of questionnaire survey of 48 households show that the utilization of natural resources (notably shifting cultivation and fisheries) remains widespread, although it is increasingly supplemented by other income generating activities (e.g., shopkeeping, private business, government employment). Group interviews are used to discuss ways in which the local communities’ adaptive resource management strategies have been employed in the face of climatic and socioeconomic events and changes in the recent past. Fifty years’ development is described as a combination of continuity and change. Resource management practices are only marginally impacted by different stress factors, but the importance of agriculture has been decreasing in relative terms. Culturally determined bonds have become a main ‘mechanism’ to cope with environmental or socioeconomic stress and the Bellonese have become less vulnerable to external shocks.
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Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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|
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7
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Rhodes, K.L., M.H. Tupper and C.B. Wichilmel ,
2008
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Characterization and management of the commercial sector of the Pohnpei coral reef fishery, Micronesia
Coral Reefs. 27. 443-454.
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Ref ID
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A0000005265
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Author
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Rhodes, K.L., M.H. Tupper and C.B. Wichilmel
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Year
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2008
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Title
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Characterization and management of the commercial sector of the Pohnpei coral reef fishery, Micronesia
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Source
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Coral Reefs. 27. 443-454.
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Keywords
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reef fisheries, harvest, spearfishing, fisheries management, sustainability,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Exports,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,External Threats & Opportunities
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Caption
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Abstract
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Commercial coral reef fisheries in Pohnpei (Micronesia) extract approximately 1 521kg of reef fish daily (~500 MT year-1) from 152 km2 of surrounding reef. More than 153 species were represented during surveys, with 25 species very common or common within combined-gear catch. Acanthurids contributed the greatest to catch volume, with bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis, and orangespine unicornfish, Naso lituratus, among the most frequently observed herbivores. Nighttime spearfishing was the dominant fishing method and inner lagoon areas were primarily targeted. A seasonal sales ban (March–April), intended to reduce pressure on reproductively active serranids, significantly increased the capture volume of other families. Catch was significantly greater during periods of low lunar illumination, suggesting higher fishing success or greater effort, or both. The marketed catch was dominated by juveniles and small adults, based on fishes of known size at sexual maturity. Artificially depressed market prices appear to be catalyzing (potential or realized) overfishing by increasing the volume of fish needed to offset rising fuel prices. These results support the need for comprehensive fisheries management that produces sustainable fishing and marketing practices and promotes shared management and enforced responsibilities between communities and the state. To be effective, management should prohibit nighttime spearfishing.
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Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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8
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Korovulavula, I., T. O’Garra, P. Fong and R. Ratuniata,
2008
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Economic valuation- Iqoliqoli- Tourism Study Support (Fiji): final report
Coral Reef InitiativeS of the. Suva, Fiji. 52pp.
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Ref ID
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A0000004835
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Author
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Korovulavula, I., T. O’Garra, P. Fong and R. Ratuniata
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Year
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2008
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Title
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Economic valuation- Iqoliqoli- Tourism Study Support (Fiji): final report
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Source
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Coral Reef InitiativeS of the. Suva, Fiji. 52pp.
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Keywords
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economic valuation, Iqoliqoli, fishing grounds, resource owners, resorts, tourism industry, coral reefs, mangroves, reef resources, inshore, coastal,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Coastal Protection,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,CRISP Coral Reef InitiativeS o
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Caption
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CRISP Component 2A- Project 2A2: Knowledge, monitoring, management and beneficial use of coral reef ecosystems
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Abstract
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The primary aim of this study is to determine the value of natural assets that affect the two key stakeholders in the tourism industry the Fijian taukei ni vanua/iqoliqoli owners and the resort owners. The underlying factor that led to this study was the possible and potential positive and negative implications of the impending iqoliqoli Bill legislation may have on the tourism industry. Moreover the study is one of the first steps to seek some means at which the overall harmonious relationship between Fijian taukei ni vanua/i qoliqoli and resorts can be maintained.
The three sites that were identified for the study were:
§ The Coral Coast which is along the south western coast of Viti Levu (Old but still a vibrant tourism activity area in Fiji);
§ The tourism areas and iqoliqoli on the island of Kadavu (new tourism development area – one of the outer islands located on south of Fiji); and
§ Mamanuca island resorts to the South-west of Nadi Airport.
The only site out of three sites that had relevant data on saleable natural assets of the iqoliqoli was the eleven iqoliqoli along the Corals Coast. The other two sites Kadavu and the Mamanucas had inadequate data available. The biological data was collected from Coral Cay assessments in 2005. The Total Economic Value (TEV) framework was used for the literature review and the analysis of data. It is important to note that a full economic valuation of Fiji’s natural resources has not been carried out. This report indicates that there are gaps and a more in-depth economic valuation ought to be done for coral reef, mangrove and related ecosystems.
The various economic valuation studies and report reviewed in this study show that production approach and replacement cost method are used to quantify the monetary direct and indirect use value respectively. Contingent Valuation Method and Benefit Transfer methods are used to quantify non-use values.
The following are the findings based on the primary objectives of the study. The eleven iqoliqoli along the Coral Coast indicate saleable assets (fish and invertebrates) or its direct use value based on two scenarios of MSY ranged from F$3,001,422.02 to F$8,025,022.29 per Km2 per year in scenario A (or F$30,014.22 to F$80,250.02 per hectare per year) and F$75,723.07 to F$547,998.90 per Km2 per year in scenario B (or F$757.23 to F$5,480 per hectare per year). In addition the direct use value of mangrove is about US$11,000 a hectare (Hamilton and Snedaker eds. in Brown et al. 1993).
The coral reef system as reported by various studies elsewhere has a total economic value which includes tangible and intangible assets in the range of US$1,373 per hectare to US$1.02 million per hectare. There were inadequate data to make such valuation in Fiji, but assuming tangible value to be a major component of total economic value, the lower limits are in good agreement. Most international calculations of the TEV is in the range of US$7,000 to US$12,000 per hectare. The approximate average economic value of the use of marine resources and ecosystem y tourists namely swimming, snorkelling, scuba diving, reef walking and kayaking/ canoeing/ water sports fishing (as determined by the information in the Fiji International Visitor survey) is estimated to range from be F$74.08 million a year, or F$171.20 per visitor per year to F$335.05 million or F$777.74 per visitor per year (based on 2003 Tourist data).
The non-use value (option, quasi-option, bequest and existence values) cannot be calculated because of inadequate information and data as well as time constraint in relation to this specific study. However, according to Sisto (1999) based on the application of benefit transfer valuation method the disturbance regulation of coral reef and mangrove in Fiji are approximately F$307.2 million and F$105 million respectively.
In future there is a real need to conduct in-depth economic valuation studies on the indirect use values, option values, existence values and bequest values of coral reef, mangrove and related ecosystems in order to fully capture the TEV of iqoliqoli. This can only be done if reliable and relevant biological and socioeconomic data are available. The specific resort survey in Fiji had a poor response and better co-operation by resorts would lead to more accurate data on tourist resource use per area.
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Online Documents
|
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
Adobe Reader.
|
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9
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Awira, R., K. Friedman, S. Sauni, M. Kronen, S. Pinca, L. Chapman and F. Magron ,
2008
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Kiribati country report: Profiles and results from survey work at Abaiang, Abemama, Kuria and Kirimati.
PROCFish/C/CoFish Report. Secretariat of the Pacific Com. 216.
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Ref ID
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A0000005236
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Author
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Awira, R., K. Friedman, S. Sauni, M. Kronen, S. Pinca, L. Chapman and F. Magron
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Year
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2008
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Title
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Kiribati country report: Profiles and results from survey work at Abaiang, Abemama, Kuria and Kirimati.
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Source
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PROCFish/C/CoFish Report. Secretariat of the Pacific Com. 216.
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Keywords
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Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Employment,Natural System,People & Livelihoods
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Caption
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Abstract
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Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
Adobe Reader.
|
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10
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Veitayaki, J.,
2008
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Lomani Gau: advancing ecosystem approach amongst local communities in Gau Island, Fiji
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Ref ID
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A0000005287
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Author
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Veitayaki, J.
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Year
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2008
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Title
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Lomani Gau: advancing ecosystem approach amongst local communities in Gau Island, Fiji
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Source
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Keywords
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EBM, ecosystem approach, rural development, sustainable development, community based, environmental resources,Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Income,People & Livelihoods,External Threats & Opportunities,IOI-PI (International Ocean In
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Caption
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Abstract
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The people of Gau Island, Fiji are collaborating under Lomani Gau to pursue sustainable development and are employing the ecosystem approach to address their environmental issues and development aspirations. The involvement of local communities in this initiative is important because the environmental resources that the villagers own and depend on for their development aspirations, provide them their main sources of sustenance that need to be maintained if the poverty that is rampant in many of the developing countries of the world, is to be avoided in the small islands in the Pacific.
The aim in this project is to convince the people in all of the 16 villages in Gau Island that the care of the environment needs to be the basis of rural development. The different issues faced in local communities require that the integrated and ecosystem approaches be used to attain a style of development that enhances community livelihoods and upholds the health of the environmental resources. Preliminary results are pleasing and demonstrate the activities that can be attained by refocusing community development.
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Online Documents
|
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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|
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11
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Kronen, M., D. Fisk, S. Pinca, F. Magron, K. Friedman, P. Boblin, R. Awira and L. Chapman ,
2008
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Niue country report: Profile and results from in-country survey work (May to June 2005)
Secretariat of the Pacific Com. Noumea, New Caledonia. 88.
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Ref ID
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A0000005251
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Author
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Kronen, M., D. Fisk, S. Pinca, F. Magron, K. Friedman, P. Boblin, R. Awira and L. Chapman
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Year
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2008
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Title
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Niue country report: Profile and results from in-country survey work (May to June 2005)
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Source
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Secretariat of the Pacific Com. Noumea, New Caledonia. 88.
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Keywords
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status report, coral reef, monitoring, management, threat, socioeconomy,Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Employment,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance,External Threats & Opportunities
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Caption
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Abstract
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Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
Adobe Reader.
|
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12
.
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Bell, J. D., M. Kronen, A. Vunisea, W.J. Nash, G, Keeble, A. Demmke, S. Pontifex, S. Andrefouet,
2008
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Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific
Marine Policy. 13pp.
|
Ref ID
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A0000004798
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Author
|
Bell, J. D., M. Kronen, A. Vunisea, W.J. Nash, G, Keeble, A. Demmke, S. Pontifex, S. Andrefouet
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Year
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2008
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Title
|
Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific
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Source
|
Marine Policy. 13pp.
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Keywords
|
Population growth, allocation of fisheries resources, coastal fisheries management, access to tuna, pond aquaculture,Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance,External Threats & Opportunities,IRD (Institut de Recherche pou
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Caption
|
Please cite this article as: Bell JD, et al. Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific. Marine Policy (2008), doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2008.04.002
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Abstract
|
Fish is a mainstay of food security for Pacific island countries and territories (PICTs). Recent household income and expenditure surveys, and socio-economic surveys, demonstrate that subsistence fishing still provides the great majority of dietary animal protein in the region. Forecasts of the fish required in 2030 to meet recommended per capita fish consumption, or to maintain current consumption, indicate that even well-managed coastal fisheries will only be able to meet the demand in 6 of 22 PICTs. Governments of many PICTs will need to increase local access to tuna, and develop small-pond aquaculture, to provide food security. Diversifying the supply of fish will also make rural households in the Pacific more resilient to natural disasters, social and political instability, and the uncertainty of climate change.
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Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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|
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13
.
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Vieux, C.,
2008
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Preliminary socio-economic monitoring (Sem-Pasifika): assessment of Sinalailai area, Papua-New-Guinea
Dec. 8, 2008; 1pm.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000004843
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Author
|
Vieux, C.
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Year
|
2008
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Title
|
Preliminary socio-economic monitoring (Sem-Pasifika): assessment of Sinalailai area, Papua-New-Guinea
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Source
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Dec. 8, 2008; 1pm.
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Keywords
|
socio-economic monitoring, Sem- Pasifika, marine resource use patterns, coral reefs, reef fishery, inshore resources,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance,CRISP Coral Reef InitiativeS o
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Caption
|
Component 3A: strengthening & technical support - Project 3A3: Improvement of socio-economics of Coral reefs
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Abstract
|
Sunalailai is a small island on the Southeast of the Sariba Island group. Sunalailai was one of the three sites included in the field training of a training-of-trainer workshop for socioeconomic monitoring of the Pacific region (SEM-Pasifika) held in Galahi. The village is located on a short strand partly surrounded by mangroves. There are hills and forests right behind the village where vegetable gardens are being grown. Sea grass beds and coral reefs are common in the area.
In the past, there used to be much logging in Sunalailai as there was a saw mill company in the neighborhood that would buy the resulting forest products. The company was closed down over a decade ago and most people are now engaged in fishery and crop farming activities. Children of the village attended school in Sawasawaga and commute by small outrigger canoe.
The purposes of the assessment conducted as a part of the workshop were to:
1) allow the participants of the SEM-Pasifika workshop to have field opportunities to use the first draft of SEM-Pasifika, or Socioeconomic Monitoring of the Pacific Guidelines, to conduct a preliminary socioeconomic assessment; and
2) to increase understanding of local marine resource use patterns of the Sunalailai community by providing some preliminary socioeconomic information.
It is hoped that results of the brief assessment conducted in the workshop could serve as a basis for future socioeconomic monitoring.
Objectives of socioeconomic assessment:
1. Provide preliminary socioeconomic baseline on local fisheries;
2. Identify perceived threats to main local resources;
3. Explore existing management approaches.
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Online Documents
|
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
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|
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14
.
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Vunisea, A., K. Friedman, R. Awira, M. Kronen, S. Pinca, L. Chapman, F. Magron, S. Sauni, K. Pakoa and F. Lasi ,
2008
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Samoa country report: Profiles and results from survey work at Manono-Uta, Salelavalu, Vailoa and Vaisala (June 2005 and August/September 2005)
PROCFish/C/CoFish Report. Secretariat of the Pacific Com. 234.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000005276
|
|
|
Author
|
Vunisea, A., K. Friedman, R. Awira, M. Kronen, S. Pinca, L. Chapman, F. Magron, S. Sauni, K. Pakoa and F. Lasi
|
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Year
|
2008
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Title
|
Samoa country report: Profiles and results from survey work at Manono-Uta, Salelavalu, Vailoa and Vaisala (June 2005 and August/September 2005)
|
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Source
|
PROCFish/C/CoFish Report. Secretariat of the Pacific Com. 234.
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Keywords
|
Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Natural System,People & Livelihoods
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Caption
|
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Abstract
|
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Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
Adobe Reader.
|
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15
.
|
Kronen, M. and A. Tafileichig ,
2008
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Traditional rights and management of Yap's coastal fisheries and the role of fisherwomen
SPC Women in Fisheries Informa. 18. 21-25.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000005250
|
|
|
Author
|
Kronen, M. and A. Tafileichig
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|
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Year
|
2008
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Title
|
Traditional rights and management of Yap's coastal fisheries and the role of fisherwomen
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Source
|
SPC Women in Fisheries Informa. 18. 21-25.
|
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Keywords
|
fisheries, management, conservation, fisherwomen, policy, governance,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance
|
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Caption
|
|
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Abstract
|
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
Adobe Reader.
|
|
|
|
|
16
.
|
Sauni, S., M. Kronen, S. Pinca, L. Sauni, K. Friedman, L. Chapman and F. Magron ,
2008
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Tuvalu country report: profile and results from in-country survey work (October-November 2004 and March-April 2005)
PROCFish/C/CoFish Report. Secretariat of the Pacific Com. 204.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000005268
|
|
|
Author
|
Sauni, S., M. Kronen, S. Pinca, L. Sauni, K. Friedman, L. Chapman and F. Magron
|
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Year
|
2008
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|
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Title
|
Tuvalu country report: profile and results from in-country survey work (October-November 2004 and March-April 2005)
|
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Source
|
PROCFish/C/CoFish Report. Secretariat of the Pacific Com. 204.
|
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Keywords
|
status report, coral reef, monitoring, management, threat, socioeconomy,Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Income,Exports,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance,External Threats & Opportunities
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Caption
|
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Abstract
|
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
Adobe Reader.
|
|
|
|
|
17
.
|
Friedman, K., K. Pakoa, M. Kronen, L. Chapman, S. Sauni, L. Vigliola, P. Boblin and F. Magron,
2008
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|
Vanuatu Country Report: Profiles and results from survey work at Paunangisu Village, Moso Island, Uri and Uripiv Islands and the Maskelyne Archipelago
Secretariat of the Pacific Com. Noumea, New Caledonia. 182.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000005291
|
|
|
Author
|
Friedman, K., K. Pakoa, M. Kronen, L. Chapman, S. Sauni, L. Vigliola, P. Boblin and F. Magron
|
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Year
|
2008
|
|
|
Title
|
Vanuatu Country Report: Profiles and results from survey work at Paunangisu Village, Moso Island, Uri and Uripiv Islands and the Maskelyne Archipelago
|
|
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Source
|
Secretariat of the Pacific Com. Noumea, New Caledonia. 182.
|
|
|
Keywords
|
Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Employment,Natural System,People & Livelihoods
|
|
|
Caption
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
Adobe Reader.
|
|
|
|
|
18
.
|
Rhodes, K.L. and M.H. Tupper ,
2007
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A preliminary market-based analysis of the Pohnpei, Micronesia, grouper (Serranidae : Epinephelinae) fishery reveals unsustainable fishing practices
Coral Reefs. 26. 335-344.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000005264
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Author
|
Rhodes, K.L. and M.H. Tupper
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|
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Year
|
2007
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|
|
Title
|
A preliminary market-based analysis of the Pohnpei, Micronesia, grouper (Serranidae : Epinephelinae) fishery reveals unsustainable fishing practices
|
|
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Source
|
Coral Reefs. 26. 335-344.
|
|
|
Keywords
|
reef fish, artisanal fisheries, overfishing, ecology,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,External Threats & Opportunities
|
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Caption
|
|
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|
Abstract
|
Serranids are important components of artisanal and commercial catch worldwide, but are highly susceptible to overfishing. In Pohnpei (Micronesia), a recent coral reef fish market survey revealed a reliance on night-time spearfishing and a serranid catch composed primarily of juveniles and small adults of practically all epinepheline species. Fishing effort was concentrated in one of five municipalities and was disproportionate to the population distribution. Lagoon areas were fished preferentially to outer reef areas, with both catch size distribution and species composition similar between the two areas. Some species were unique to a particular gear type, but catch composition did not vary substantially between spear and line fishing. Existing seasonal sales bans, meant to protect reproductively active serranids, appeared to place additional pressure on other families during ban periods. The study identified the need for a comprehensive management plan that merges traditional measures, including size limits and gear restrictions, with precautionary management tools. Specifically, the scale and scope of marine protected areas should be increased to protect juveniles and other life history stages over wider areas than currently employed.
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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|
|
|
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19
.
|
Schwarz, A., C. Ramofafia, G. Bennett, D. Notere, A. Tewfik, C. Oengpepa, B. Manele and N. Kere,
2007
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|
After the Earthquake: an assessment of the impact of the Earthquake and Tsunami on fisheries-related livelihoods in coastal communities of Western Province, Solomon Islands
World Fish Center. Penang, Malaysia. 82pp.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000003598
|
|
|
Author
|
Schwarz, A., C. Ramofafia, G. Bennett, D. Notere, A. Tewfik, C. Oengpepa, B. Manele and N. Kere
|
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Year
|
2007
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|
Title
|
After the Earthquake: an assessment of the impact of the Earthquake and Tsunami on fisheries-related livelihoods in coastal communities of Western Province, Solomon Islands
|
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Source
|
World Fish Center. Penang, Malaysia. 82pp.
|
|
|
Keywords
|
tsunami, earthquake, extreme events, impact, fisheries, livelihoods, coastal community ,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Natural System,People & Livelihoods
|
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Caption
|
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Abstract
|
On 2 April 2007 a large earthquake and tsunami hit the Western Solomon Islands causing varying degrees of damage and disruption to coastal communities. In order to assist with prioritisation of assistance to affected communities, the WorldFish Center and WWF-Solomon Islands (WWF-SI) combined to carry out an immediate assessment of impacts on selected villages within the affected area. This assessment was focussed on immediate damage to and needs of the coastal fisheries, including environment and infrastructure, though the opportunity was taken to assess more general damage and threats to the long term, sustainable recovery of coastal fisheries.
The objectives were to determine:
(1) the extent of damage to habitats important to coastal fisheries;
(2) direct impacts on the ability of the communities to access marine resources;
(3) how best to guide post-tsunami relief for rehabilitation of fisheries, development of
sustainable fishery-based livelihoods and resource management planning;
The objectives were achieved through habitat surveys (up to four sites at each location), group discussions and one-on-one fisher interviews. A total of 29 locations were visited, 12 by WWF-SI and 17 by WorldFish Center. Geographically these locations ranged across a broad range of the affected area, including locations on Simbo, Ranonga, Vella Lavella, Treasury Islands, Shortland Islands, Kolombangara, Gizo and Vona Vona Lagoon; the region within the earthquake zone that was not included was Choiseul, where TNC were to undertake marine-resource related damage assessments. Assessments were carried out between 25 May and 12 June 2007, approximately two months after the event. WWF-SI sites were those where they had previously undertaken underwater surveys; there is no pre-event reef survey data available for the sites WorldFish surveyed.
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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|
|
|
|
|
20
.
|
Fay L., Vuki V., Sauni S., Tebano T.,
2007
|
|
|
|
Anadara fishing supports urban households in Tarawa, Kiribati and Suva, Fiji
|
Ref ID
|
E0000004090
|
|
|
Author
|
Fay L., Vuki V., Sauni S., Tebano T.
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|
|
Year
|
2007
|
|
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Title
|
Anadara fishing supports urban households in Tarawa, Kiribati and Suva, Fiji
|
|
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Source
|
|
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Keywords
|
Anadara fishing supports urban households in Tarawa, Kiribati and Suva, Fiji,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Income,Employment,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Secretariat of the Pacific Com
|
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Caption
|
|
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|
Abstract
|
This study focuses on women’s involvement in the ark shell fishery in the urban areas of Kiribati and Fiji. Anadara fishing activities and their socioeconomic importance at the household level in urban areas were investigated. Because Anadara collecting is particularly popular among women in these two countries, the extent to which women in urban areas support their families through subsistence use and alternative means of earning income, were also examined.
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
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of
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|
|
|
|
|
21
.
|
Kronen, M. and A. Bender ,
2007
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|
Assessing marine resource exploitation in Lofanga, Tonga: One case study - Two approaches
Human Ecology. 35. 195-207.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000005249
|
|
|
Author
|
Kronen, M. and A. Bender
|
|
|
Year
|
2007
|
|
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Title
|
Assessing marine resource exploitation in Lofanga, Tonga: One case study - Two approaches
|
|
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Source
|
Human Ecology. 35. 195-207.
|
|
|
Keywords
|
fisheries, management, conservation, marine tenure,Reef Dependence,Nutrition,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Income,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance
|
|
|
Caption
|
This paper is an attempt to combine the results and conclusions of two independently designed research projects, in order to achieve a more complete understanding of the degree of exploitation of living marine resources by a small Tongan coastal fishing community. Results of a socioeconomic resource-driven survey and an anthropological study adopting a commons dilemma approach, agree substantially on the impact of tradition and changes, but disagree with regard to the driving forces. The socioeconomic study argues that dynamics between traditional and modem economic values best explain the state of the community's coastal fisheries; while the anthropological study argues that social values and obligations still determine to a great extent the goals people pursue with their economic activities. Current fishing pressure, the marine tenure system, and present and future marketing potentials are all factors which may result in conflict between the traditional Tongan system and the modem cash-based, remittance sustained system. These will ultimately affect the current and future status of coastal resources and the social cohesion of the community.
|
|
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Abstract
|
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
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of
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|
|
|
|
|
22
.
|
van Beukering, P.J.H., L.M. Scherl, E. Sultanian, C. Leisher and P.S. Fong ,
2007
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|
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Case Study 1: Yavusa Navakavu Locally Managed Marine Area (Fiji): The role of marine protected areas in contributing to poverty reduction
Nature's Investment Bank Repor. 58.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000005274
|
|
|
Author
|
van Beukering, P.J.H., L.M. Scherl, E. Sultanian, C. Leisher and P.S. Fong
|
|
|
Year
|
2007
|
|
|
Title
|
Case Study 1: Yavusa Navakavu Locally Managed Marine Area (Fiji): The role of marine protected areas in contributing to poverty reduction
|
|
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Source
|
Nature's Investment Bank Repor. 58.
|
|
|
Keywords
|
marine managed area, conservation, management, community based,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Income,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance
|
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|
Caption
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
Adobe Reader.
|
|
|
|
|
23
.
|
Veitayaki, J.,
2007
|
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|
Case Study 2.1: Integrated coastal management in Vanuaso Tikina, Gau Island, Fiji
Building capacity and cooperat. Mercure Hotel, Townsville, Aus.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000005284
|
|
|
Author
|
Veitayaki, J.
|
|
|
Year
|
2007
|
|
|
Title
|
Case Study 2.1: Integrated coastal management in Vanuaso Tikina, Gau Island, Fiji
|
|
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Source
|
Building capacity and cooperat. Mercure Hotel, Townsville, Aus.
|
|
|
Keywords
|
coastal erosion, coastal rehabilitation, Vanuaso, climate change impacts, sea level rise,Reef Dependence,Coastal Protection,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance,IOI-PI (International Ocean In
|
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|
Caption
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
Three critical issues threaten the environment in the Pacific: rapidly increasing populations; more coastal resource development as a consequence; and the need to address climate change and sea level rise as victims of changes that they are not responsible for.
Coastal resources on Vanuaso Tikina, Gau Island, Fiji were degrading because of coastal flooding, erosion, salt water intrusion into ground water and increased storm damage; compounded by probable increases in these because of climate change and sea level rise.
Community groups in Vanuaso Tikina have generations of experience and deep traditional knowledge gained through living on small islands. Thus they addressed these environmental challenges using an integrated approach to tackle climate change and degradation of the catchment and coastal areas via response and adaptation policies, strategies and actions.
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
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of
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|
|
|
|
|
24
.
|
van Beukering, P.J.H., L.M. Scherl, E. Sultanian and C. Leisher,
2007
|
|
|
|
Case Study 2: Arnavon Community Marine Conservation Area (Solomon Islands): The role of marine protected areas in contributing to poverty reduction
Nature's Investment Bank Repor. 55.
|
Ref ID
|
A0000005275
|
|
|
Author
|
van Beukering, P.J.H., L.M. Scherl, E. Sultanian and C. Leisher
|
|
|
Year
|
2007
|
|
|
Title
|
Case Study 2: Arnavon Community Marine Conservation Area (Solomon Islands): The role of marine protected areas in contributing to poverty reduction
|
|
|
Source
|
Nature's Investment Bank Repor. 55.
|
|
|
Keywords
|
marine conservation, education, community participation, LMMA, resource management,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Income,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,External Threats & Opportunities
|
|
|
Caption
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
Adobe Reader.
|
|
|
|
|
25
.
|
Andrea Bender,
2007
|
|
|
|
Changes in Social Orientation: Threats to a Cultural Institution in Marine Resource Exploitation in Tonga
Human Organization. 66. 11-21.
|
Ref ID
|
B0000000016
|
|
|
Author
|
Andrea Bender
|
|
|
Year
|
2007
|
|
|
Title
|
Changes in Social Orientation: Threats to a Cultural Institution in Marine Resource Exploitation in Tonga
|
|
|
Source
|
Human Organization. 66. 11-21.
|
|
|
Keywords
|
Tonga, marine resources, open access, sharing, values, social changes,Reef Dependence,Fisheries and Resource Extraction,Livelihoods,Natural System,People & Livelihoods,Institutions & Governance,External Threats & Opportunities
|
|
|
Caption
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
While access to marine resources is de jure open in Tonga, this has not led to a decline of resources and an increase in noncooperative strategies. This is partly due to a strong social orientation underlying core values and institutions as well as economic decisions. Food sharing is one institution that strengthens social cohesion and supports sustainable strategies. Yet this social-environmental relationship is increasingly threatened by a tendency to individualize efforts and yields and thus diminish social cohesion. Extracting institutions can trigger increased efforts, and new ideologies focusing on the nuclear family trigger reduced sharing. Contrasting two island villages from Ha'apai illustrates this tendency and its consequences: weakening the social net goes together with more commercially oriented strategies. Responses occur on several levels and entail risks. On the family level, networks expand, to become less dependent on marine resources, but risk eroding local social ties. On a political level, community-based management is now proposed. It remains unclear, however, in what direction these changes will lead on the community level. They may (re-) motivate single fishermen to sustain common interests, but these common interests may not be in sustaining fish stocks.
|
|
|
Online Documents
|
No online document
- Copies of papers downloaded from ReefBase may be used and reproduced for non-commercial
purpose only.
- If you encounter any problem viewing the PDF files, please use the latest version
of
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|
|
|
|